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Added -k: Keep sequence of output same as the order of input.

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If jobs 1 2 3 4 end in the sequence 3 1 4 2 the output will still be 1 2 3 4.
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Ole Tange 2009-09-04 07:23:57 +02:00
parent 84118cb14b
commit 2d930320ad
5 changed files with 290 additions and 73 deletions
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189
parallel
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ parallel - build and execute command lines from standard input in parallel
=head1 SYNOPSIS =head1 SYNOPSIS
B<parallel> [-0cfgqsuvxX] [-j num] [command [arguments]] < list_of_arguments B<parallel> [-0cfgkqsuvxX] [-j num] [command [arguments]] < list_of_arguments
=head1 DESCRIPTION =head1 DESCRIPTION
@ -72,6 +72,11 @@ If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used.
Multiply N% with the number of CPUs. Run this many jobs in parallel. Multiply N% with the number of CPUs. Run this many jobs in parallel.
If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used. If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used.
=item B<-k>
Keep sequence of output same as the order of input. If jobs 1 2 3 4
end in the sequence 3 1 4 2 the output will still be 1 2 3 4.
=item B<-q> =item B<-q>
Quote B<command>. This will quote the command line so special Quote B<command>. This will quote the command line so special
@ -223,6 +228,26 @@ B<seq -f %04g 0 9999 | parallel -X rm pict{}.jpg>
This will also only run B<rm> as many times needed to keep the command This will also only run B<rm> as many times needed to keep the command
line length short enough. line length short enough.
=head1 EXAMPLE 7: Keep order of output same as order of input
Normally the output of a job will be printed as soon as it
completes. Sometimes you want the order of the output to remain the
same as the order of the input. B<-k> will make sure the order of
output will be in the same order as input even if later jobs end
before earlier jobs.
If you have a directory with subdirectories that contain different
amount of files running:
B<ls | sort | parallel -v "ls {} | wc">
will give the output of each dir, but it will be sorted accoring to
which job completed first.
To keep the order the same as input run:
B<ls | sort | parallel -kv "ls {} | wc">
=head1 QUOTING =head1 QUOTING
@ -255,6 +280,15 @@ B<sh: -c: line 0: syntax error near unexpected token>
then you might try using B<-q>. then you might try using B<-q>.
If you are using B<bash> process substitution like B<<(cat foo)> then
you may try B<-q> and prepending B<command> with B<bash -c>:
B<ls | parallel -q bash -c 'wc -c <(echo {})'>
Or for substituting output:
B<ls | parallel -q bash -c 'tar c {} | tee >>B<(gzip >>B<{}.tar.gz) | bzip2 >>B<{}.tar.bz2'>
B<Conclusion>: To avoid dealing with the quoting problems it may be B<Conclusion>: To avoid dealing with the quoting problems it may be
easier just to write a small script and have B<parallel> call that easier just to write a small script and have B<parallel> call that
script. script.
@ -269,20 +303,17 @@ B<find -exec> only works on files. So processing other input (such as
hosts or URLs) will require creating these inputs as files. B<find hosts or URLs) will require creating these inputs as files. B<find
-exec> has no support for running commands in parallel. -exec> has no support for running commands in parallel.
B<xargs> deals badly with special characters (such as space, ' and ") unless B<xargs> deals badly with special characters (such as space, ' and ")
B<-0> is specified. Many input generators are not optimized for using unless B<-0> or B<-d "\n"> is specified. Many input generators are not
B<NUL> as separator but are optimized for B<newline> as separator. E.g optimized for using B<NUL> as separator but are optimized for
B<head>, B<tail>, B<awk>, B<ls>, B<echo>, B<sed>, B<tar -v>, B<perl> B<newline> as separator. E.g B<head>, B<tail>, B<awk>, B<ls>, B<echo>,
(-0 and \0 instead of \n), B<locate> (requires using -0), B<find> B<sed>, B<tar -v>, B<perl> (-0 and \0 instead of \n), B<locate>
(requires using -print0), B<grep> (requires user to use -z or -Z). (requires using -0), B<find> (requires using -print0), B<grep>
(requires user to use -z or -Z).
The input I<can> be fixed for B<xargs> with:
tr '\n' '\0'
So B<parallel>'s newline separation can be emulated with: So B<parallel>'s newline separation can be emulated with:
cat | tr '\n' '\0' | xargs -0 -n1 I<command> B<cat | xargs -d "\n" -n1 I<command>>
B<xargs> can run a given number of jobs in parallel, but has no B<xargs> can run a given number of jobs in parallel, but has no
support for running no_of_cpus jobs in parallel. support for running no_of_cpus jobs in parallel.
@ -291,27 +322,45 @@ B<xargs> has no support for grouping the output, therefore output may
run together, e.g. the first half of a line is from one process and run together, e.g. the first half of a line is from one process and
the last half of the line is from another process. the last half of the line is from another process.
If no command is given to B<xargs> it defaults to /bin/echo. So the B<xargs> has no support for keeping the order of the output, therefore
B<cat | sh> functionality is missing. output of the second job cannot be postponed till the first job is done.
B<xargs> has no support for context replace, so you will have to create the
arguments.
If you use a replace string in B<xargs> (B<-I>) you can not force
B<xargs> to use more than one argument.
Quoting in B<xargs> works like B<-q> in B<parallel>. This means Quoting in B<xargs> works like B<-q> in B<parallel>. This means
composed commands and redirection is impossible: B<ls | parallel "wc composed commands and redirection requires using B<bash -c>.
{} >> B<{}.wc"> or B<ls | parallel "echo {}; ls {}|wc"> cannot be done using
B<xargs>.
B<ls | parallel "wc {} >> B<{}.wc">
becomes
B<ls | xargs -d "\n" -P10 -I {} bash -c "wc {} >>B< {}.wc">
and
B<ls | parallel "echo {}; ls {}|wc">
becomes
B<ls | xargs -d "\n" -P10 -I {} bash -c "echo {}; ls {}|wc">
=head1 BUGS =head1 BUGS
Filenames beginning with '-' can cause some commands to give Filenames beginning with '-' can cause some commands to give
unexpected results, as it will often be interpreted as an option. unexpected results, as it will often be interpreted as an option.
Some Bash specific constructs like '<(cmd)' do not work. They can be
fixed by prepending '/bin/bash -c'. How much slower will that be?
=head1 REPORTING BUGS =head1 REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to <bug-parallel@tange.dk>. Report bugs to <bug-parallel@tange.dk>.
=head1 IDEAS
xargs dropin-replacement.
Implement the missing --features
=head1 AUTHOR =head1 AUTHOR
@ -360,14 +409,15 @@ use Getopt::Std;
use strict; use strict;
my ($processes,$command); my ($processes,$command);
getopts("0cdefgj:qsuvxX") || die_usage(); getopts("0cdfgj:kqsuvxX") || die_usage();
# Defaults: # Defaults:
$Global::debug = 0; $Global::debug = 0;
$processes = 10; $Global::processes_to_run = 10;
$command = undef; $command = undef;
$Global::verbose = 0; $Global::verbose = 0;
$Global::grouped = 1; $Global::grouped = 1;
$Global::keeporder = 0;
$Global::quoting = 0; $Global::quoting = 0;
$Global::input_is_filename = (@ARGV); $Global::input_is_filename = (@ARGV);
$/="\n"; $/="\n";
@ -383,6 +433,7 @@ if(defined $::opt_X) {
} }
if(defined $::opt_v) { $Global::verbose = 1; } if(defined $::opt_v) { $Global::verbose = 1; }
if(defined $::opt_s) { $Global::verbose = 0; } if(defined $::opt_s) { $Global::verbose = 0; }
if(defined $::opt_k) { $Global::keeporder = 1; }
if(defined $::opt_g) { $Global::grouped = 1; } if(defined $::opt_g) { $Global::grouped = 1; }
if(defined $::opt_u) { $Global::grouped = 0; } if(defined $::opt_u) { $Global::grouped = 0; }
if(defined $::opt_c) { $Global::input_is_filename = 0; } if(defined $::opt_c) { $Global::input_is_filename = 0; }
@ -398,17 +449,13 @@ if(@ARGV) {
} }
# Needs to be done after setting $Global::command and $Global::command_line_max_len # Needs to be done after setting $Global::command and $Global::command_line_max_len
# as '-x' influences the number of commands that needs to be run # as '-x' influences the number of commands that needs to be run
if(defined $::opt_j) { $processes = compute_number_of_processes($::opt_j); } if(defined $::opt_j) { $Global::processes_to_run = compute_number_of_processes($::opt_j); }
$Global::job_end_sequence=1;
init_run_jobs(); init_run_jobs();
DoNotReap(); DoNotReap();
start_more_jobs();
while($Global::running_jobs < $processes
and
start_another_job()) {
# skip
}
ReapIfNeeded(); ReapIfNeeded();
drain_job_queue(); drain_job_queue();
@ -646,7 +693,7 @@ sub processes_available_by_system_limit {
"Limiting to ", $system_limit, " jobs in parallel.\n"); "Limiting to ", $system_limit, " jobs in parallel.\n");
} }
# Cleanup: Close the files # Cleanup: Close the files
for (keys %fh) { close $fh{$_} } for (values %fh) { close $_ }
# Cleanup: Kill the children # Cleanup: Kill the children
for my $pid (@children) { for my $pid (@children) {
kill 15, $pid; kill 15, $pid;
@ -658,6 +705,24 @@ sub processes_available_by_system_limit {
return $system_limit; return $system_limit;
} }
sub enough_file_handles {
# check that we have enough filehandles available for starting
# another job
if($Global::grouped) {
my %fh;
my $enough_filehandles = 1;
# We need a filehandle for STDOUT and STDERR
# open3 uses 2 extra filehandles temporarily
for my $i (1..4) {
$enough_filehandles &&= open($fh{$i},"</dev/null");
}
for (values %fh) { close $_; }
return $enough_filehandles;
} else {
return 1;
}
}
sub user_requested_processes { sub user_requested_processes {
# Parse the number of processes that the user asked for # Parse the number of processes that the user asked for
my $opt_j = shift; my $opt_j = shift;
@ -787,15 +852,30 @@ sub drain_job_queue {
} }
} }
sub start_more_jobs {
my $jobs_started = 0;
while($Global::running_jobs < $Global::processes_to_run
and
start_another_job()) {
$jobs_started++;
}
return $jobs_started;
}
sub start_another_job { sub start_another_job {
# Grab a job from @Global::command, start it # Grab a job from @Global::command, start it
# and remember the pid, the STDOUT and the STDERR handles # and remember the pid, the STDOUT and the STDERR handles
# If no more jobs: do nothing # If no more jobs: do nothing
my $command = next_command_line(); # Do we have enough file handles to start another job?
if(defined $command) { if(enough_file_handles()) {
my %jobinfo = start_job($command); my $command = next_command_line();
$Global::running{$jobinfo{"pid"}} = \%jobinfo; if(defined $command) {
return 1; my %jobinfo = start_job($command);
$Global::running{$jobinfo{"pid"}} = \%jobinfo;
return 1;
} else {
return 0;
}
} else { } else {
return 0; return 0;
} }
@ -831,13 +911,17 @@ sub start_job {
open STDOUT, ">&", $Global::original_stdout or die "Can't dup \$oldout: $!"; open STDOUT, ">&", $Global::original_stdout or die "Can't dup \$oldout: $!";
open STDERR, ">&", $Global::original_stderr or die "Can't dup \$oldout: $!"; open STDERR, ">&", $Global::original_stderr or die "Can't dup \$oldout: $!";
$Global::job_start_sequence++;
if($Global::grouped) { if($Global::grouped) {
return ("pid" => $pid, return ("seq" => $Global::job_start_sequence,
"pid" => $pid,
"out" => $out{$outname}, "out" => $out{$outname},
"err" => $err{$errname}, "err" => $err{$errname},
"command" => $command); "command" => $command);
} else { } else {
return ("pid" => $pid, "command" => $command); return ("seq" => $Global::job_start_sequence,
"pid" => $pid,
"command" => $command);
} }
} }
@ -912,10 +996,24 @@ sub Reaper {
my $stiff; my $stiff;
debug("Reaper called $Global::reaperlevel\n"); debug("Reaper called $Global::reaperlevel\n");
while (($stiff = waitpid(-1, &WNOHANG)) > 0) { while (($stiff = waitpid(-1, &WNOHANG)) > 0) {
print_job($Global::running{$stiff}); if($Global::keeporder) {
delete $Global::running{$stiff}; $Global::print_later{$Global::running{$stiff}{"seq"}} = $Global::running{$stiff};
$Global::running_jobs--; debug("died: $Global::running{$stiff}{'seq'}");
start_another_job(); while($Global::print_later{$Global::job_end_sequence}) {
debug("Found job end $Global::job_end_sequence");
print_job($Global::print_later{$Global::job_end_sequence});
delete $Global::print_later{$Global::job_end_sequence};
$Global::job_end_sequence++;
}
delete $Global::running{$stiff};
$Global::running_jobs--;
start_more_jobs();
} else {
print_job($Global::running{$stiff});
delete $Global::running{$stiff};
$Global::running_jobs--;
start_more_jobs();
}
} }
ReapIfNeeded(); ReapIfNeeded();
debug("Reaper exit $Global::reaperlevel\n"); debug("Reaper exit $Global::reaperlevel\n");
@ -933,7 +1031,7 @@ sub die_usage {
sub usage { sub usage {
print "Usage:\n"; print "Usage:\n";
print "parallel [-0cfgqsuvxX] [-j num] [command [arguments]] < list_of_arguments\n"; print "parallel [-0cdfgkqsuvxX] [-j num] [command [arguments]] < list_of_arguments\n";
} }
# #
@ -999,5 +1097,6 @@ sub my_dump {
# Keep perl -w happy # Keep perl -w happy
$main::opt_u = $main::opt_c = $main::opt_f = $main::opt_q = $main::opt_u = $main::opt_c = $main::opt_f = $main::opt_q =
$main::opt_0 = $main::opt_s = $main::opt_v = $main::opt_g = $main::opt_0 = $main::opt_s = $main::opt_v = $main::opt_g =
$main::opt_j = $main::opt_d = $main::opt_x = $main::opt_X =1; $main::opt_j = $main::opt_d = $main::opt_x = $main::opt_X =
$Global::xargs = 1; $main::opt_k =
$Global::xargs = $Global::keeporder = 0;

104
parallel.1
View file

@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
.\" ======================================================================== .\" ========================================================================
.\" .\"
.IX Title "PARALLEL 1" .IX Title "PARALLEL 1"
.TH PARALLEL 1 "2009-08-26" "perl v5.10.0" "User Contributed Perl Documentation" .TH PARALLEL 1 "2009-09-02" "perl v5.10.0" "User Contributed Perl Documentation"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l .if n .ad l
@ -133,7 +133,7 @@
parallel \- build and execute command lines from standard input in parallel parallel \- build and execute command lines from standard input in parallel
.SH "SYNOPSIS" .SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBparallel\fR [\-0cfgqsuvxX] [\-j num] [command [arguments]] < list_of_arguments \&\fBparallel\fR [\-0cfgkqsuvxX] [\-j num] [command [arguments]] < list_of_arguments
.SH "DESCRIPTION" .SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
For each line of input \fBparallel\fR will execute \fBcommand\fR with the For each line of input \fBparallel\fR will execute \fBcommand\fR with the
@ -186,6 +186,10 @@ If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used.
.IX Item "-j N%" .IX Item "-j N%"
Multiply N% with the number of CPUs. Run this many jobs in parallel. Multiply N% with the number of CPUs. Run this many jobs in parallel.
If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used. If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used.
.IP "\fB\-k\fR" 9
.IX Item "-k"
Keep sequence of output same as the order of input. If jobs 1 2 3 4
end in the sequence 3 1 4 2 the output will still be 1 2 3 4.
.IP "\fB\-q\fR" 9 .IP "\fB\-q\fR" 9
.IX Item "-q" .IX Item "-q"
Quote \fBcommand\fR. This will quote the command line so special Quote \fBcommand\fR. This will quote the command line so special
@ -305,27 +309,46 @@ files in each directory:
.PP .PP
To put the output in a file called <name>.dir: To put the output in a file called <name>.dir:
.PP .PP
\&\fBls | parallel '(echo \-n {}\*(L" \*(R"; ls {}|wc \-l) \fR>\fB {}.dir'\fR \&\fBls | parallel '(echo \-n {}\*(L" \*(R"; ls {}|wc \-l) \fR> \fB{}.dir'\fR
.SH "EXAMPLE 6: Context replace" .SH "EXAMPLE 6: Context replace"
.IX Header "EXAMPLE 6: Context replace" .IX Header "EXAMPLE 6: Context replace"
To remove the files \fIpict1000.jpg\fR .. \fIpict9999.jpg\fR you could do: To remove the files \fIpict0000.jpg\fR .. \fIpict9999.jpg\fR you could do:
.PP .PP
\&\fBseq 1000 9999 | parallel rm pict{}.jpg\fR \&\fBseq \-f \f(CB%04g\fB 0 9999 | parallel rm pict{}.jpg\fR
.PP .PP
You could also do: You could also do:
.PP .PP
\&\fBseq 1000 9999 | perl \-pe 's/(.*)/pict$1.jpg/' | parallel \-x rm\fR \&\fBseq \-f \f(CB%04g\fB 0 9999 | perl \-pe 's/(.*)/pict$1.jpg/' | parallel \-x rm\fR
.PP .PP
The first will run \fBrm\fR 8999 times, while the last will only run The first will run \fBrm\fR 10000 times, while the last will only run
\&\fBrm\fR as many times needed to keep the command line length short \&\fBrm\fR as many times needed to keep the command line length short
enough. enough (typically 1\-2 times).
.PP .PP
You could also run: You could also run:
.PP .PP
\&\fBseq 1000 9999 | parallel \-X rm pict{}.jpg\fR \&\fBseq \-f \f(CB%04g\fB 0 9999 | parallel \-X rm pict{}.jpg\fR
.PP .PP
This will also only run \fBrm\fR as many times needed to keep the command This will also only run \fBrm\fR as many times needed to keep the command
line length short enough. line length short enough.
.SH "EXAMPLE 7: Keep order of output same as order of input"
.IX Header "EXAMPLE 7: Keep order of output same as order of input"
Normally the output of a job will be printed as soon as it
completes. Sometimes you want the order of the output to remain the
same as the order of the input. \fB\-k\fR will make sure the order of
output will be in the same order as input even if later jobs end
before earlier jobs.
.PP
If you have a directory with subdirectories that contain different
amount of files running:
.PP
\&\fBls | sort | parallel \-v \*(L"ls {} | wc\*(R"\fR
.PP
will give the output of each dir, but it will be sorted accoring to
which job completed first.
.PP
To keep the order the same as input run:
.PP
\&\fBls | sort | parallel \-kv \*(L"ls {} | wc\*(R"\fR
.SH "QUOTING" .SH "QUOTING"
.IX Header "QUOTING" .IX Header "QUOTING"
For more advanced use quoting may be an issue. The following will For more advanced use quoting may be an issue. The following will
@ -357,6 +380,15 @@ If you get errors like:
.PP .PP
then you might try using \fB\-q\fR. then you might try using \fB\-q\fR.
.PP .PP
If you are using \fBbash\fR process substitution like \fB<(cat foo)\fR then
you may try \fB\-q\fR and prepending \fBcommand\fR with \fBbash \-c\fR:
.PP
\&\fBls | parallel \-q bash \-c 'wc \-c <(echo {})'\fR
.PP
Or for substituting output:
.PP
\&\fBls | parallel \-q bash \-c 'tar c {} | tee \fR>\fB(gzip \fR>\fB{}.tar.gz) | bzip2 \fR>\fB{}.tar.bz2'\fR
.PP
\&\fBConclusion\fR: To avoid dealing with the quoting problems it may be \&\fBConclusion\fR: To avoid dealing with the quoting problems it may be
easier just to write a small script and have \fBparallel\fR call that easier just to write a small script and have \fBparallel\fR call that
script. script.
@ -369,20 +401,17 @@ script.
hosts or URLs) will require creating these inputs as files. \fBfind hosts or URLs) will require creating these inputs as files. \fBfind
\&\-exec\fR has no support for running commands in parallel. \&\-exec\fR has no support for running commands in parallel.
.PP .PP
\&\fBxargs\fR deals badly with special characters (such as space, ' and ") unless \&\fBxargs\fR deals badly with special characters (such as space, ' and ")
\&\fB\-0\fR is specified. Many input generators are not optimized for using unless \fB\-0\fR or \fB\-d \*(L"\en\*(R"\fR is specified. Many input generators are not
\&\fB\s-1NUL\s0\fR as separator but are optimized for \fBnewline\fR as separator. E.g optimized for using \fB\s-1NUL\s0\fR as separator but are optimized for
\&\fBhead\fR, \fBtail\fR, \fBawk\fR, \fBls\fR, \fBecho\fR, \fBsed\fR, \fBtar \-v\fR, \fBperl\fR \&\fBnewline\fR as separator. E.g \fBhead\fR, \fBtail\fR, \fBawk\fR, \fBls\fR, \fBecho\fR,
(\-0 and \e0 instead of \en), \fBlocate\fR (requires using \-0), \fBfind\fR \&\fBsed\fR, \fBtar \-v\fR, \fBperl\fR (\-0 and \e0 instead of \en), \fBlocate\fR
(requires using \-print0), \fBgrep\fR (requires user to use \-z or \-Z). (requires using \-0), \fBfind\fR (requires using \-print0), \fBgrep\fR
.PP (requires user to use \-z or \-Z).
The input \fIcan\fR be fixed for \fBxargs\fR with:
.PP
tr '\en' '\e0'
.PP .PP
So \fBparallel\fR's newline separation can be emulated with: So \fBparallel\fR's newline separation can be emulated with:
.PP .PP
cat | tr '\en' '\e0' | xargs \-0 \-n1 \fIcommand\fR \&\fBcat | xargs \-d \*(L"\en\*(R" \-n1 \f(BIcommand\fB\fR
.PP .PP
\&\fBxargs\fR can run a given number of jobs in parallel, but has no \&\fBxargs\fR can run a given number of jobs in parallel, but has no
support for running no_of_cpus jobs in parallel. support for running no_of_cpus jobs in parallel.
@ -391,23 +420,42 @@ support for running no_of_cpus jobs in parallel.
run together, e.g. the first half of a line is from one process and run together, e.g. the first half of a line is from one process and
the last half of the line is from another process. the last half of the line is from another process.
.PP .PP
If no command is given to \fBxargs\fR it defaults to /bin/echo. So the \&\fBxargs\fR has no support for keeping the order of the output, therefore
\&\fBcat | sh\fR functionality is missing. output of the second job cannot be postponed till the first job is done.
.PP
\&\fBxargs\fR has no support for context replace, so you will have to create the
arguments.
.PP
If you use a replace string in \fBxargs\fR (\fB\-I\fR) you can not force
\&\fBxargs\fR to use more than one argument.
.PP .PP
Quoting in \fBxargs\fR works like \fB\-q\fR in \fBparallel\fR. This means Quoting in \fBxargs\fR works like \fB\-q\fR in \fBparallel\fR. This means
composed commands and redirection is impossible: \fBls | parallel "wc composed commands and redirection requires using \fBbash \-c\fR.
{} \fR> \fB{}.wc"\fR or \fBls | parallel \*(L"echo {}; ls {}|wc\*(R"\fR cannot be done using .PP
\&\fBxargs\fR. \&\fBls | parallel "wc {} \fR> \fB{}.wc"\fR
.PP
becomes
.PP
\&\fBls | xargs \-d \*(L"\en\*(R" \-P10 \-I {} bash \-c "wc {} \fR>\fB {}.wc"\fR
.PP
and
.PP
\&\fBls | parallel \*(L"echo {}; ls {}|wc\*(R"\fR
.PP
becomes
.PP
\&\fBls | xargs \-d \*(L"\en\*(R" \-P10 \-I {} bash \-c \*(L"echo {}; ls {}|wc\*(R"\fR
.SH "BUGS" .SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS"
Filenames beginning with '\-' can cause some commands to give Filenames beginning with '\-' can cause some commands to give
unexpected results, as it will often be interpreted as an option. unexpected results, as it will often be interpreted as an option.
.PP
Some Bash specific constructs like '<(cmd)' do not work. They can be
fixed by prepending '/bin/bash \-c'. How much slower will that be?
.SH "REPORTING BUGS" .SH "REPORTING BUGS"
.IX Header "REPORTING BUGS" .IX Header "REPORTING BUGS"
Report bugs to <bug\-parallel@tange.dk>. Report bugs to <bug\-parallel@tange.dk>.
.SH "IDEAS"
.IX Header "IDEAS"
xargs dropin-replacement.
Implement the missing \-\-features
.SH "AUTHOR" .SH "AUTHOR"
.IX Header "AUTHOR" .IX Header "AUTHOR"
Copyright (C) 2007\-10\-18 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk Copyright (C) 2007\-10\-18 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk

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#!/bin/bash
# Test -k
ulimit -n 50
(echo "sleep 3; echo begin"; seq 1 30 | parallel -kq echo "sleep 1; echo {}"; echo "echo end") \
| parallel -k -j0

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