diff --git a/src/parallel b/src/parallel index 7a5a532e..1ab86a96 100755 --- a/src/parallel +++ b/src/parallel @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ =head1 NAME -par$ - build and execute shell command lines from standard input in parallel +parallel - build and execute shell command lines from standard input in parallel =head1 SYNOPSIS -B [-0cdEfghiIkmnpqrtuUvVX] [-I str] [-j num] [--silent] [command [arguments]] [< list_of_arguments] +B [-0cdEfghiIkmnpqrtuUvVX] [-I str] [-j num] [--silent] [command [arguments]] [< list_of_arguments] =head1 DESCRIPTION -For each line of input B will execute B with the +For each line of input B will execute B with the line as arguments. If no B is given the line of input is -executed. B can often be used as a substitute for B +executed. B can often be used as a substitute for B or B. Several lines will be run in parallel. @@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ Command to execute. If B or the following arguments contain {} every instance will be substituted with the input line. Setting a command also invokes B<-f>. -If B is given, B will behave similar to B. If -B is not given B will behave similar to B. +If B is given, B will behave similar to B. If +B is not given B will behave similar to B. =item B<{}> @@ -172,13 +172,13 @@ end in the sequence 3 1 4 2 the output will still be 1 2 3 4. =item B<--number-of-cpus> -Print the number of CPUs and exit (used by B itself to +Print the number of CPUs and exit (used by B itself to determine the number of CPUs on remote machines). =item B<--number-of-cores> -Print the number of cores and exit (used by B itself to determine the +Print the number of cores and exit (used by B itself to determine the number of cores on remote machines). @@ -197,9 +197,9 @@ default. =item B<--sshlogin> I<[ncpu/]sshlogin[,[ncpu/]sshlogin]> (not implemented) Distribute jobs to remote servers. The jobs will be run on a list of -remote servers. B will determine the number of CPU cores on +remote servers. B will determine the number of CPU cores on the remote servers and run the number of jobs as specified by -j. If -the number I is given B will use this number for +the number I is given B will use this number for number of CPUs on the host. Normally I will not be needed. An I is the string you would normally pass to SSH to login, @@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ the options multiple times. For examples: see B<--sshloginfile>. -The remote host must have B installed. +The remote host must have B installed. =item B<--sshloginfile> I (not implemented) @@ -246,14 +246,14 @@ B<--sshlogin> when the arguments are files and should be transfered to the remote servers. The files will be transfered using B and will be put relative to the default login dir. E.g. - echo foo/bar.txt | par$ \ + echo foo/bar.txt | parallel \ --sshlogin server.example.com --transfer wc This will transfer the file I to the server I to the file $HOME/foo/bar.txt before running B on I. - echo /tmp/foo/bar.txt | par$ \ + echo /tmp/foo/bar.txt | parallel \ --sshlogin server.example.com --transfer wc This will transfer the file I to the server @@ -280,14 +280,14 @@ processing is done the file I will be transfered from the remote server using B and will be put relative to the default login dir. E.g. - echo foo/bar.txt | par$ \ + echo foo/bar.txt | parallel \ --sshlogin server.example.com --return {}.out touch {}.out This will transfer the file I<$HOME/foo/bar.txt.out> from the server I to the file I after running B on I. - echo /tmp/foo/bar.txt | par$ \ + echo /tmp/foo/bar.txt | parallel \ --sshlogin server.example.com --return {}.out touch {}.out This will transfer the file I from the server @@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ Multiple files can be transfered by repeating the options multiple times: echo /tmp/foo/bar.txt | \ - par$ --sshlogin server.example.com \ + parallel --sshlogin server.example.com \ --return {}.out --return {}.out2 touch {}.out {}.out2 B<--return> is often used with B<--transfer> and B<--cleanup>. @@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ B<--return> is ignored when used with B<--sshlogin :> or when not used with B<-- Remove transfered files. B<--cleanup> will remove the transfered files on the remote server after processing is done. - find log -name '*gz' | par$ \ + find log -name '*gz' | parallel \ --sshlogin server.example.com --transfer --return {.}.bz2 \ --cleanup "zcat {} | bzip -9 >{.}.bz2" @@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ output from different commands to be mixed. Can be reversed with B<-g>. Count the number of CPUs instead of cores. When computing how many jobs to run in parallel relative to the number of cores you can ask -B to instead look at the number of CPUs. This will make sense +B to instead look at the number of CPUs. This will make sense for computers that have hyperthreading as two jobs running on one CPU with hyperthreading will run slower than two jobs running on two CPUs. Normal users will not need this option. @@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ of a word (like I) then the whole word will be repeated. =head1 EXAMPLE 1: Working as cat | sh. Ressource inexpensive jobs and evaluation -B can work similar to B. +B can work similar to B. A ressource inexpensive job is a job that takes very little CPU, disk I/O and network I/O. Ping is an example of a ressource inexpensive @@ -386,18 +386,18 @@ The content of the file jobs_to_run: To run 100 processes simultaneously do: -B +B As there is not a B the option B<-c> is default because the jobs needs to be evaluated by the shell. =head1 EXAMPLE 2: Working as xargs -n1. Argument appending -B can work similar to B. +B can work similar to B. To output all html files run: -B +B As there is a B the option B<-f> is default because the filenames needs to be protected from the shell in case a filename @@ -414,11 +414,11 @@ If the system has more than 1 CPU core it can be run with number-of-cpu-cores jobs in parallel (-j +0). This will do that for all jpg files in a directory: -B +B To do it recursively use B: -B +B Notice how the argument has to start with {} as {} will include path (e.g. running B installed this is a better solution: - find . -name '*.jpg' | par$ -j +0 convert -geometry 120 {} {}_thumb.jpg + find . -name '*.jpg' | parallel -j +0 convert -geometry 120 {} {}_thumb.jpg find . -name '*_thumb.jpg' | ren 's:/([^/]+)_thumb.jpg$:/thumb_$1:' This will make files like ./foo/bar_thumb.jpg: -B +B =head1 EXAMPLE 4: Substitution and redirection This will compare all files in the dir to the file foo and save the diffs in corresponding .diff files: -B>B<"{}.diff> +B>B<"{}.diff> Quoting of > is necessary to postpone the redirection. Another solution is to quote the whole command: -B>B<{}.diff"> +B>B<{}.diff"> =head1 EXAMPLE 5: Composed commands @@ -458,22 +458,22 @@ B>B<{}.diff"> A job can consist of several commands. This will print the number of files in each directory: -B +B To put the output in a file called .dir: -B> B<{}.dir'> +B> B<{}.dir'> =head1 EXAMPLE 6: Context replace To remove the files I .. I you could do: -B +B You could also do: -B +B The first will run B 10000 times, while the last will only run B as many times needed to keep the command line length short @@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ enough (typically 1-2 times). You could also run: -B +B This will also only run B as many times needed to keep the command line length short enough. @@ -489,18 +489,18 @@ line length short enough. =head1 EXAMPLE 7: Group output lines When runnning jobs that output data, you often do not want the output -of multiple jobs to run together. B defaults to grouping the +of multiple jobs to run together. B defaults to grouping the output of each job, so the output is printed when the job finishes. If you want the output to be printed while the job is running you can use B<-u>. Compare the output of: -B<(echo foss.org.my; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org) | par$ traceroute> +B<(echo foss.org.my; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org) | parallel traceroute> to the output of: -B<(echo foss.org.my; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org) | par$ -u traceroute> +B<(echo foss.org.my; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org) | parallel -u traceroute> =head1 EXAMPLE 8: Keep order of output same as order of input @@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ same as the order of the input. B<-k> will make sure the order of output will be in the same order as input even if later jobs end before earlier jobs. -B<(echo foss.org.my; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org) | par$ traceroute> +B<(echo foss.org.my; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org) | parallel traceroute> will give traceroute of foss.org.my, debian.org and freenetproject.org, but it will be sorted according to which job @@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ completed first. To keep the order the same as input run: -B<(echo foss.org.my; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org) | par$ -k traceroute> +B<(echo foss.org.my; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org) | parallel -k traceroute> This will make sure the traceroute to foss.org.my will be printed first. @@ -532,20 +532,20 @@ handy). To run B on B: - seq 1 10 | par$ --sshlogin server.example.com echo + seq 1 10 | parallel --sshlogin server.example.com echo To run commands on more than one remote computer run: - seq 1 10 | par$ --sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.net echo + seq 1 10 | parallel --sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.net echo Or: - seq 1 10 | par$ --sshlogin server.example.com \ + seq 1 10 | parallel --sshlogin server.example.com \ --sshlogin server2.example.net echo If the login username is I on I use: - seq 1 10 | par$ --sshlogin server.example.com \ + seq 1 10 | parallel --sshlogin server.example.com \ --sshlogin foo@server2.example.net echo To distribute the commands to a list of machines, make a file @@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ I with all the machines: Then run: - seq 1 10 | par$ --sshloginfile mymachines echo + seq 1 10 | parallel --sshloginfile mymachines echo To include the local machine add the special sshlogin ':' to the list: @@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ If the number of CPU cores on the remote servers is not identified correctly the number of CPU cores can be added in front. Here the server has 8 CPU cores. - seq 1 10 | par$ --sshlogin 8/server.example.com echo + seq 1 10 | parallel --sshlogin 8/server.example.com echo =head1 EXAMPLE 10: Transferring of files (not implemented) @@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ server has 8 CPU cores. To recompress gzipped files with bzip2 using a remote server run: find logs/ -name '*.gz' | \ - par$ --sshlogin server.example.com \ + parallel --sshlogin server.example.com \ --transfer "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2" This will list the .gz-files in the I directory and all @@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ If you want the file to be transfered back to the local machine add I<--return {.}.bz2>: find logs/ -name '*.gz' | \ - par$ --sshlogin server.example.com \ + parallel --sshlogin server.example.com \ --transfer --return {.}.bz2 "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2" After the recompressing is done the I<.bz2>-file is transfered back to @@ -603,14 +603,14 @@ I<--cleanup>. This will remove both the file transfered to the remote machine and the files transfered from the remote machine: find logs/ -name '*.gz' | \ - par$ --sshlogin server.example.com \ + parallel --sshlogin server.example.com \ --transfer --return {.}.bz2 --cleanup "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2" If you want run one several servers add the servers to I<--sshlogin> either using ',' or separate I<--sshlogin>: find logs/ -name '*.gz' | \ - par$ --sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.com \ + parallel --sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.com \ --sshlogin server3.example.com \ --transfer --return {.}.bz2 --cleanup "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2" @@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ You can add the local machine using I<--sshlogin :>. This will disable the removing and transferring for the local machine only: find logs/ -name '*.gz' | \ - par$ --sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.com \ + parallel --sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.com \ --sshlogin server3.example.com \ --sshlogin : \ --transfer --return {.}.bz2 --cleanup "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2" @@ -627,14 +627,14 @@ Often I<--transfer>, I<--return> and I<--cleanup> are used together. They can be shortened to I<--trc>: find logs/ -name '*.gz' | \ - par$ --sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.com \ + parallel --sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.com \ --sshlogin server3.example.com \ --sshlogin : \ --trc {.}.bz2 "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2" With the file I containing the compute machines it becomes: - find logs/ -name '*.gz' | par$ --sshloginfile mymachines \ + find logs/ -name '*.gz' | parallel --sshloginfile mymachines \ --trc {.}.bz2 "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2" =head1 QUOTING @@ -644,21 +644,21 @@ print the filename for each line that has exactly 2 columns: B -This can be done by B using: +This can be done by B using: -B +B -Notice how \'s, "'s, and $'s needs to be quoted. B can do +Notice how \'s, "'s, and $'s needs to be quoted. B can do the quoting by using option B<-q>: -B +B However, this means you cannot make the shell interpret special characters. For example this B: -B>B<{}.diff"> +B>B<{}.diff"> -B +B because > and | need to be interpreted by the shell. @@ -671,14 +671,14 @@ then you might try using B<-q>. If you are using B process substitution like B<<(cat foo)> then you may try B<-q> and prepending B with B: -B +B Or for substituting output: -B>B<(gzip >>B<{}.tar.gz) | bzip2 >>B<{}.tar.bz2'> +B>B<(gzip >>B<{}.tar.gz) | bzip2 >>B<{}.tar.bz2'> B: To avoid dealing with the quoting problems it may be -easier just to write a small script and have B call that +easier just to write a small script and have B call that script. @@ -686,31 +686,31 @@ script. If you want a list of the jobs currently running you can run: -B +B -B will then print the currently running jobs on STDERR. +B will then print the currently running jobs on STDERR. =head1 COMPLETE RUNNING JOBS BUT DO NOT START NEW JOBS -If you regret starting a lot of jobs you can simply break B, +If you regret starting a lot of jobs you can simply break B, but if you want to make sure you do not have halfcompleted jobs you -should send the signal B to B: +should send the signal B to B: -B +B -This will tell B to not start any new jobs, but wait until +This will tell B to not start any new jobs, but wait until the currently running jobs are finished. -=head1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN xargs/find -exec AND par$ +=head1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN xargs/find -exec AND parallel B and B offer some of the same possibilites as -B. +B. B only works on files. So processing other input (such as hosts or URLs) will require creating these inputs as files. B has no support for running commands in par$. +-exec> has no support for running commands in parallel. B deals badly with special characters (such as space, ' and "). To see the problem try this: @@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ B, B, B (-0 and \0 instead of \n), B (requires using -0), B (requires using -print0), B (requires user to use -z or -Z). -So B's newline separation can be emulated with: +So B's newline separation can be emulated with: B> @@ -749,10 +749,10 @@ arguments. If you use a replace string in B (B<-I>) you can not force B to use more than one argument. -Quoting in B works like B<-q> in B. This means +Quoting in B works like B<-q> in B. This means composed commands and redirection requires using B. -B> B<{}.wc"> +B> B<{}.wc"> becomes @@ -760,23 +760,23 @@ B>B< {}.wc"> and -B +B becomes B -=head1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN mdm/middleman AND par$ +=head1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN mdm/middleman AND parallel middleman(mdm) is also a tool for running jobs in parallel. Here are the shellscripts of http://mdm.berlios.de/usage.html ported -to par$ use: +to parallel use: -B>B< result> +B>B< result> -B +B =head1 BUGS @@ -787,19 +787,22 @@ unexpected results, as it will often be interpreted as an option. =head1 REPORTING BUGS -Report bugs to . +Report bugs to . =head1 AUTHOR Copyright (C) 2007-10-18 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk -Copyright (C) 2008-2010 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk +Copyright (C) 2008,2009,2010 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk + +Copyright (C) 2010 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk and Free Software +Foundation, Inc. =head1 LICENSE -Copyright (C) 2007-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 2007,2008,2009,2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by @@ -817,7 +820,7 @@ along with this program. If not, see . =head1 DEPENDENCIES -B uses Perl, and the Perl modules Getopt::Long, IPC::Open3, +B uses Perl, and the Perl modules Getopt::Long, IPC::Open3, Symbol, IO::File, POSIX, and File::Temp. @@ -885,7 +888,7 @@ GetOptions("debug|D" => \$::opt_D, # Defaults: $Global::version = 20100419; -$Global::progname = 'par$'; +$Global::progname = 'parallel'; $Global::debug = 0; $Global::processes_to_run = 10; $command = undef; diff --git a/src/parallel.1 b/src/parallel.1 deleted file mode 100644 index ea90427a..00000000 --- a/src/parallel.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,992 +0,0 @@ -.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.22 (Pod::Simple 3.07) -.\" -.\" Standard preamble: -.\" ======================================================================== -.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) -.if t .sp .5v -.if n .sp -.. -.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text -.ft CW -.nf -.ne \\$1 -.. -.de Ve \" End verbatim text -.ft R -.fi -.. -.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will -.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left -.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will -.\" give a nicer C++. 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Always turn off hyphenation; it makes -.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. -.if n .ad l -.nh -.SH "NAME" -parallel \- build and execute shell command lines from standard input in parallel -.SH "SYNOPSIS" -.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" -\&\fBparallel\fR [\-0cdEfghiIkmnpqrtuUvX] [\-I str] [\-j num] [\-\-silent] [command [arguments]] [< list_of_arguments] -.SH "DESCRIPTION" -.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" -For each line of input \fBparallel\fR will execute \fBcommand\fR with the -line as arguments. If no \fBcommand\fR is given the line of input is -executed. \fBparallel\fR can often be used as a substitute for \fBxargs\fR -or \fBcat | sh\fR. -.PP -Several lines will be run in parallel. -.IP "\fIcommand\fR" 9 -.IX Item "command" -Command to execute. If \fBcommand\fR or the following arguments contain -{} every instance will be substituted with the input line. Setting a -command also invokes \fB\-f\fR. -.Sp -If \fBcommand\fR is given, \fBparallel\fR will behave similar to \fBxargs\fR. If -\&\fBcommand\fR is not given \fBparallel\fR will behave similar to \fBcat | sh\fR. -.IP "\fB{}\fR" 9 -.IX Item "{}" -Input line. This is the default replacement string and will normally -be used for putting the argument in the command line. It can be -changed with \fB\-I\fR. -.IP "\fB{.}\fR" 9 -.IX Item "{.}" -Input line without extension. This is a specialized replacement string -with the extension removed. It will remove from the last \fB.\fR till the -end of line of each input line and replace {.} with the -remaining. E.g. \fIfoo.jpg\fR becomes \fIfoo\fR. If the input line does -not contain \fB.\fR it will remain unchanged. -.Sp -{.} can be used the same places as {}. -.IP "\fB\-\-null\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--null" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-0\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-0" -.PD -Use \s-1NUL\s0 as delimiter. Normally input lines will end in \en -(newline). If they end in \e0 (\s-1NUL\s0), then use this option. It is useful -for processing filenames that may contain \en (newline). -.IP "\fB\-\-command\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--command" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-c\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-c" -.PD -Line is a command. The input line contains more than one argument or -the input line needs to be evaluated by the shell. This is the default -if \fBcommand\fR is not set. Can be reversed with \fB\-f\fR. -.IP "\fB\-\-delimiter\fR \fIdelim\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--delimiter delim" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-d\fR \fIdelim\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-d delim" -.PD -Input items are terminated by the specified character. Quotes and -backslash are not special; every character in the input is taken -literally. Disables the end-of-file string, which is treated like any -other argument. This can be used when the input consists of simply -newline-separated items, although it is almost always better to design -your program to use \-\-null where this is possible. The specified -delimiter may be a single character, a C\-style character escape such -as \en, or an octal or hexadecimal escape code. Octal and -hexadecimal escape codes are understood as for the printf command. -Multibyte characters are not supported. -.IP "\fB\-\-file\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--file" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-f\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-f" -.PD -Line is a filename. The input line contains a filename that will be -quoted so it is not evaluated by the shell. This is the default if -\&\fBcommand\fR is set. Can be reversed with \fB\-c\fR. -.IP "\fB\-\-group\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--group" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-g\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-g" -.PD -Group output. Output from each jobs is grouped together and is only -printed when the command is finished. \s-1STDERR\s0 first followed by \s-1STDOUT\s0. -\&\fB\-g\fR is the default. Can be reversed with \fB\-u\fR. -.IP "\fB\-I\fR \fIstring\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-I string" -Use the replacement string \fIstring\fR instead of {}. -.IP "\fB\-U\fR \fIstring\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-U string" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-\-extensionreplace\fR \fIstring\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--extensionreplace string" -.PD -Use the replacement string \fIstring\fR instead of {.} for input line without extension. -.IP "\fB\-\-jobs\fR \fIN\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--jobs N" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-j\fR \fIN\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-j N" -.IP "\fB\-\-max\-procs\fR \fIN\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--max-procs N" -.IP "\fB\-P\fR \fIN\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-P N" -.PD -Run up to N jobs in parallel. 0 means as many as possible. Default is 10. -.IP "\fB\-\-jobs\fR \fI+N\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--jobs +N" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-j\fR \fI+N\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-j +N" -.IP "\fB\-\-max\-procs\fR \fI+N\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--max-procs +N" -.IP "\fB\-P\fR \fI+N\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-P +N" -.PD -Add N to the number of \s-1CPU\s0 cores. Run this many jobs in parallel. For -compute intensive jobs \fI\-j +0\fR is useful as it will run -number-of-cpu-cores jobs in parallel. See also -\&\-\-use\-cpus\-instead\-of\-cores. -.IP "\fB\-\-jobs\fR \fI\-N\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--jobs -N" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-j\fR \fI\-N\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-j -N" -.IP "\fB\-\-max\-procs\fR \fI\-N\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--max-procs -N" -.IP "\fB\-P\fR \fI\-N\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-P -N" -.PD -Subtract N from the number of \s-1CPU\s0 cores. Run this many jobs in parallel. -If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used. See also -\&\-\-use\-cpus\-instead\-of\-cores. -.IP "\fB\-\-jobs\fR \fIN\fR%" 9 -.IX Item "--jobs N%" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-j\fR \fIN\fR%" 9 -.IX Item "-j N%" -.IP "\fB\-\-max\-procs\fR \fIN\fR%" 9 -.IX Item "--max-procs N%" -.IP "\fB\-P\fR \fIN\fR%" 9 -.IX Item "-P N%" -.PD -Multiply N% with the number of \s-1CPU\s0 cores. Run this many jobs in parallel. -If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used. See also -\&\-\-use\-cpus\-instead\-of\-cores. -.IP "\fB\-\-keeporder\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--keeporder" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-k\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-k" -.PD -Keep sequence of output same as the order of input. If jobs 1 2 3 4 -end in the sequence 3 1 4 2 the output will still be 1 2 3 4. -.IP "\fB\-\-number\-of\-cpus\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--number-of-cpus" -Print the number of CPUs and exit (used by \fBparallel\fR itself to -determine the number of CPUs on remote machines). -.IP "\fB\-\-number\-of\-cores\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--number-of-cores" -Print the number of cores and exit (used by \fBparallel\fR itself to determine the -number of cores on remote machines). -.IP "\fB\-\-quote\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--quote" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-q\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-q" -.PD -Quote \fBcommand\fR. This will quote the command line so special -characters are not interpreted by the shell. See the section -\&\s-1QUOTING\s0. Most people will never need this. Quoting is disabled by -default. -.IP "\fB\-S\fR \fI[ncpu/]sshlogin[,[ncpu/]sshlogin]\fR (not implemented)" 9 -.IX Item "-S [ncpu/]sshlogin[,[ncpu/]sshlogin] (not implemented)" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-\-sshlogin\fR \fI[ncpu/]sshlogin[,[ncpu/]sshlogin]\fR (not implemented)" 9 -.IX Item "--sshlogin [ncpu/]sshlogin[,[ncpu/]sshlogin] (not implemented)" -.PD -Distribute jobs to remote servers. The jobs will be run on a list of -remote servers. \fBparallel\fR will determine the number of \s-1CPU\s0 cores on -the remote servers and run the number of jobs as specified by \-j. If -the number \fIncpu\fR is given \fBparallel\fR will use this number for -number of CPUs on the host. Normally \fIncpu\fR will not be needed. -.Sp -An \fIsshlogin\fR is the string you would normally pass to \s-1SSH\s0 to login, -e.g. \fIserver.example.com\fR, \fIfoo@server.example.com\fR, or \fI\*(L"\-l foo \-p -2222 server.example.com\*(R"\fR. The sshlogin must not require a password. -.Sp -The sshlogin ':' is special, it means 'no ssh' and will therefore run -on the local machine. -.Sp -To specify more sshlogins separate the sshlogins by comma or repeat -the options multiple times. -.Sp -For examples: see \fB\-\-sshloginfile\fR. -.Sp -The remote host must have \fBparallel\fR installed. -.IP "\fB\-\-sshloginfile\fR \fIfilename\fR (not implemented)" 9 -.IX Item "--sshloginfile filename (not implemented)" -File with sshlogins. The file consists of sshlogins on separate -lines. Empty lines and lines starting with '#' are ignored. Example: -.Sp -.Vb 9 -\& server.example.com -\& username@server2.example.com -\& 8/my\-8\-core\-server.example.com -\& 2/myusername@my\-dualcore.example.net -\& # This server has SSH running on port 2222 -\& \-p 2222 server.example.net -\& 4/\-p 2222 quadserver.example.net -\& # Assume 16 cores on the local machine -\& 16/: -.Ve -.IP "\fB\-\-silent\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--silent" -Silent. The job to be run will not be printed. This is the default. -Can be reversed with \fB\-v\fR. -.IP "\fB\-\-transfer\fR (not implemented)" 9 -.IX Item "--transfer (not implemented)" -Transfer files to remote servers. \fB\-\-transfer\fR is used with -\&\fB\-\-sshlogin\fR when the arguments are files and should be transfered to -the remote servers. The files will be transfered using \fBrsync\fR and -will be put relative to the default login dir. E.g. -.Sp -.Vb 2 -\& echo foo/bar.txt | parallel \e -\& \-\-sshlogin server.example.com \-\-transfer wc -.Ve -.Sp -This will transfer the file \fIfoo/bar.txt\fR to the server -\&\fIserver.example.com\fR to the file \f(CW$HOME\fR/foo/bar.txt before running -\&\fBwc foo/bar.txt\fR on \fIserver.example.com\fR. -.Sp -.Vb 2 -\& echo /tmp/foo/bar.txt | parallel \e -\& \-\-sshlogin server.example.com \-\-transfer wc -.Ve -.Sp -This will transfer the file \fIfoo/bar.txt\fR to the server -\&\fIserver.example.com\fR to the file /tmp/foo/bar.txt before running -\&\fBwc /tmp/foo/bar.txt\fR on \fIserver.example.com\fR. -.Sp -\&\fB\-\-transfer\fR is often used with \fB\-\-return\fR and \fB\-\-cleanup\fR. -.Sp -\&\fB\-\-transfer\fR is ignored when used with \fB\-\-sshlogin :\fR or when not used with \fB\-\-sshlogin\fR. -.IP "\fB\-\-trc\fR \fIfilename\fR (not implemented)" 9 -.IX Item "--trc filename (not implemented)" -Transfer, Return, Cleanup. Short hand for: -.Sp -.Vb 1 -\& \-\-transfer \-\-return I \-\-cleanup -.Ve -.IP "\fB\-\-return\fR \fIfilename\fR (not implemented)" 9 -.IX Item "--return filename (not implemented)" -Transfer files from remote servers. \fB\-\-return\fR is used with -\&\fB\-\-sshlogin\fR when the arguments are files on the remote servers. When -processing is done the file \fIfilename\fR will be transfered -from the remote server using \fBrsync\fR and will be put relative to -the default login dir. E.g. -.Sp -.Vb 2 -\& echo foo/bar.txt | parallel \e -\& \-\-sshlogin server.example.com \-\-return {}.out touch {}.out -.Ve -.Sp -This will transfer the file \fI\f(CI$HOME\fI/foo/bar.txt.out\fR from the server -\&\fIserver.example.com\fR to the file \fIfoo/bar.txt.out\fR after running -\&\fBtouch foo/bar.txt.out\fR on \fIserver.example.com\fR. -.Sp -.Vb 2 -\& echo /tmp/foo/bar.txt | parallel \e -\& \-\-sshlogin server.example.com \-\-return {}.out touch {}.out -.Ve -.Sp -This will transfer the file \fI/tmp/foo/bar.txt.out\fR from the server -\&\fIserver.example.com\fR to the file \fI/tmp/foo/bar.txt.out\fR after running -\&\fBtouch /tmp/foo/bar.txt.out\fR on \fIserver.example.com\fR. -.Sp -Multiple files can be transfered by repeating the options multiple -times: -.Sp -.Vb 3 -\& echo /tmp/foo/bar.txt | \e -\& parallel \-\-sshlogin server.example.com \e -\& \-\-return {}.out \-\-return {}.out2 touch {}.out {}.out2 -.Ve -.Sp -\&\fB\-\-return\fR is often used with \fB\-\-transfer\fR and \fB\-\-cleanup\fR. -.Sp -\&\fB\-\-return\fR is ignored when used with \fB\-\-sshlogin :\fR or when not used with \fB\-\-sshlogin\fR. -.IP "\fB\-\-cleanup\fR (not implemented)" 9 -.IX Item "--cleanup (not implemented)" -Remove transfered files. \fB\-\-cleanup\fR will remove the transfered files -on the remote server after processing is done. -.Sp -.Vb 3 -\& find log \-name \*(Aq*gz\*(Aq | parallel \e -\& \-\-sshlogin server.example.com \-\-transfer \-\-return {.}.bz2 \e -\& \-\-cleanup "zcat {} | bzip \-9 >{.}.bz2" -.Ve -.Sp -With \fB\-\-transfer\fR the file transfered to the remote server will be -removed on the remote server. Directories created will not be removed -\&\- even if they are empty. -.Sp -With \fB\-\-return\fR the file transfered from the remote server will be -removed on the remote server. Directories created will not be removed -\&\- even if they are empty. -.Sp -\&\fB\-\-cleanup\fR is ignored when not used with \fB\-\-transfer\fR or \fB\-\-return\fR. -.IP "\fB\-\-ungroup\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--ungroup" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-u\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-u" -.PD -Ungroup output. Output is printed as soon as possible. This may cause -output from different commands to be mixed. Can be reversed with \fB\-g\fR. -.IP "\fB\-\-use\-cpus\-instead\-of\-cores\fR (not implemented)" 9 -.IX Item "--use-cpus-instead-of-cores (not implemented)" -Count the number of CPUs instead of cores. When computing how many -jobs to run in parallel relative to the number of cores you can ask -parallel to instead look at the number of CPUs. This will make sense -for computers that have hyperthreading as two jobs running on one \s-1CPU\s0 -with hyperthreading will run slower than two jobs running on two CPUs. -Normal users will not need this option. -.IP "\fB\-v\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-v" -Verbose. Print the job to be run on \s-1STDOUT\s0. Can be reversed with -\&\fB\-\-silent\fR. -.IP "\fB\-\-xargs\fR" 9 -.IX Item "--xargs" -.PD 0 -.IP "\fB\-m\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-m" -.PD -Multiple. Insert as many arguments as the command line length permits. If -{} is not used the arguments will be appended to the line. If {} is -used multiple times each {} will be replaced with all the arguments. -.IP "\fB\-X\fR" 9 -.IX Item "-X" -xargs with context replace. This works like \fB\-m\fR except if {} is part -of a word (like \fIpic{}.jpg\fR) then the whole word will be repeated. -.SH "EXAMPLE 1: Working as cat | sh. Ressource inexpensive jobs and evaluation" -.IX Header "EXAMPLE 1: Working as cat | sh. Ressource inexpensive jobs and evaluation" -\&\fBparallel\fR can work similar to \fBcat | sh\fR. -.PP -A ressource inexpensive job is a job that takes very little \s-1CPU\s0, disk -I/O and network I/O. Ping is an example of a ressource inexpensive -job. wget is too \- if the webpages are small. -.PP -The content of the file jobs_to_run: -.PP -.Vb 7 -\& ping \-c 1 10.0.0.1 -\& wget http://status\-server/status.cgi?ip=10.0.0.1 -\& ping \-c 1 10.0.0.2 -\& wget http://status\-server/status.cgi?ip=10.0.0.2 -\& ... -\& ping \-c 1 10.0.0.255 -\& wget http://status\-server/status.cgi?ip=10.0.0.255 -.Ve -.PP -To run 100 processes simultaneously do: -.PP -\&\fBparallel \-j 100 < jobs_to_run\fR -.PP -As there is not a \fBcommand\fR the option \fB\-c\fR is default because the -jobs needs to be evaluated by the shell. -.SH "EXAMPLE 2: Working as xargs \-n1. Argument appending" -.IX Header "EXAMPLE 2: Working as xargs -n1. Argument appending" -\&\fBparallel\fR can work similar to \fBxargs \-n1\fR. -.PP -To output all html files run: -.PP -\&\fBfind . \-name '*.html' | parallel cat\fR -.PP -As there is a \fBcommand\fR the option \fB\-f\fR is default because the -filenames needs to be protected from the shell in case a filename -contains special characters. -.SH "EXAMPLE 3: Compute intensive jobs and substitution" -.IX Header "EXAMPLE 3: Compute intensive jobs and substitution" -If ImageMagick is installed this will generate a thumbnail of a jpg -file: -.PP -\&\fBconvert \-geometry 120 foo.jpg thumb_foo.jpg\fR -.PP -If the system has more than 1 \s-1CPU\s0 core it can be run with -number-of-cpu-cores jobs in parallel (\-j +0). This will do that for -all jpg files in a directory: -.PP -\&\fBls *.jpg | parallel \-j +0 convert \-geometry 120 {} thumb_{}\fR -.PP -To do it recursively use \fBfind\fR: -.PP -\&\fBfind . \-name '*.jpg' | parallel \-j +0 convert \-geometry 120 {} {}_thumb.jpg\fR -.PP -Notice how the argument has to start with {} as {} will include path -(e.g. running \fBconvert \-geometry 120 ./foo/bar.jpg -thumb_./foo/bar.jpg\fR would clearly be wrong). It will result in files -like ./foo/bar.jpg_thumb.jpg. If that is not wanted this can fix it: -.PP -.Vb 3 -\& find . \-name \*(Aq*.jpg\*(Aq | \e -\& perl \-pe \*(Aqchomp; $a=$_; s:/([^/]+)$:/thumb_$1:; $_="convert \-geometry 120 $a $_\en"\*(Aq | \e -\& parallel \-c \-j +0 -.Ve -.PP -Unfortunately this will not work if the filenames contain special -characters (such as space or quotes). If you have \fBren\fR installed this -is a better solution: -.PP -.Vb 2 -\& find . \-name \*(Aq*.jpg\*(Aq | parallel \-j +0 convert \-geometry 120 {} {}_thumb.jpg -\& find . \-name \*(Aq*_thumb.jpg\*(Aq | ren \*(Aqs:/([^/]+)_thumb.jpg$:/thumb_$1:\*(Aq -.Ve -.PP -This will make files like ./foo/bar_thumb.jpg: -.PP -\&\fBfind . \-name '*.jpg' | parallel \-j +0 convert \-geometry 120 {} {.}_thumb.jpg\fR -.SH "EXAMPLE 4: Substitution and redirection" -.IX Header "EXAMPLE 4: Substitution and redirection" -This will compare all files in the dir to the file foo and save the -diffs in corresponding .diff files: -.PP -\&\fBls | parallel diff {} foo "\fR>\fB"{}.diff\fR -.PP -Quoting of > is necessary to postpone the redirection. Another -solution is to quote the whole command: -.PP -\&\fBls | parallel "diff {} foo \fR>\fB{}.diff"\fR -.SH "EXAMPLE 5: Composed commands" -.IX Header "EXAMPLE 5: Composed commands" -A job can consist of several commands. This will print the number of -files in each directory: -.PP -\&\fBls | parallel 'echo \-n {}\*(L" \*(R"; ls {}|wc \-l'\fR -.PP -To put the output in a file called .dir: -.PP -\&\fBls | parallel '(echo \-n {}\*(L" \*(R"; ls {}|wc \-l) \fR> \fB{}.dir'\fR -.SH "EXAMPLE 6: Context replace" -.IX Header "EXAMPLE 6: Context replace" -To remove the files \fIpict0000.jpg\fR .. \fIpict9999.jpg\fR you could do: -.PP -\&\fBseq \-f \f(CB%04g\fB 0 9999 | parallel rm pict{}.jpg\fR -.PP -You could also do: -.PP -\&\fBseq \-f \f(CB%04g\fB 0 9999 | perl \-pe 's/(.*)/pict$1.jpg/' | parallel \-m rm\fR -.PP -The first will run \fBrm\fR 10000 times, while the last will only run -\&\fBrm\fR as many times needed to keep the command line length short -enough (typically 1\-2 times). -.PP -You could also run: -.PP -\&\fBseq \-f \f(CB%04g\fB 0 9999 | parallel \-X rm pict{}.jpg\fR -.PP -This will also only run \fBrm\fR as many times needed to keep the command -line length short enough. -.SH "EXAMPLE 7: Group output lines" -.IX Header "EXAMPLE 7: Group output lines" -When runnning jobs that output data, you often do not want the output -of multiple jobs to run together. \fBparallel\fR defaults to grouping the -output of each job, so the output is printed when the job finishes. If -you want the output to be printed while the job is running you can use -\&\fB\-u\fR. -.PP -Compare the output of: -.PP -\&\fB(echo foss.org.my; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org) | parallel traceroute\fR -.PP -to the output of: -.PP -\&\fB(echo foss.org.my; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org) | parallel \-u traceroute\fR -.SH "EXAMPLE 8: Keep order of output same as order of input" -.IX Header "EXAMPLE 8: Keep order of output same as order of input" -Normally the output of a job will be printed as soon as it -completes. Sometimes you want the order of the output to remain the -same as the order of the input. \fB\-k\fR will make sure the order of -output will be in the same order as input even if later jobs end -before earlier jobs. -.PP -\&\fB(echo foss.org.my; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org) | parallel traceroute\fR -.PP -will give traceroute of foss.org.my, debian.org and -freenetproject.org, but it will be sorted according to which job -completed first. -.PP -To keep the order the same as input run: -.PP -\&\fB(echo foss.org.my; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org) | parallel \-k traceroute\fR -.PP -This will make sure the traceroute to foss.org.my will be printed -first. -.SH "EXAMPLE 9: Using remote computers (not implemented)" -.IX Header "EXAMPLE 9: Using remote computers (not implemented)" -To run commands on a remote computer \s-1SSH\s0 needs to be set up and you -must be able to login without entering a password (\fBssh-agent\fR may be -handy). -.PP -To run \fBecho\fR on \fBserver.example.com\fR: -.PP -.Vb 1 -\& seq 1 10 | parallel \-\-sshlogin server.example.com echo -.Ve -.PP -To run commands on more than one remote computer run: -.PP -.Vb 1 -\& seq 1 10 | parallel \-\-sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.net echo -.Ve -.PP -Or: -.PP -.Vb 2 -\& seq 1 10 | parallel \-\-sshlogin server.example.com \e -\& \-\-sshlogin server2.example.net echo -.Ve -.PP -If the login username is \fIfoo\fR on \fIserver2.example.net\fR use: -.PP -.Vb 2 -\& seq 1 10 | parallel \-\-sshlogin server.example.com \e -\& \-\-sshlogin foo@server2.example.net echo -.Ve -.PP -To distribute the commands to a list of machines, make a file -\&\fImymachines\fR with all the machines: -.PP -.Vb 3 -\& server.example.com -\& foo@server2.example.com -\& server3.example.com -.Ve -.PP -Then run: -.PP -.Vb 1 -\& seq 1 10 | parallel \-\-sshloginfile mymachines echo -.Ve -.PP -To include the local machine add the special sshlogin ':' to the list: -.PP -.Vb 4 -\& server.example.com -\& foo@server2.example.com -\& server3.example.com -\& : -.Ve -.PP -If the number of \s-1CPU\s0 cores on the remote servers is not identified -correctly the number of \s-1CPU\s0 cores can be added in front. Here the -server has 8 \s-1CPU\s0 cores. -.PP -.Vb 1 -\& seq 1 10 | parallel \-\-sshlogin 8/server.example.com echo -.Ve -.SH "EXAMPLE 10: Transferring of files (not implemented)" -.IX Header "EXAMPLE 10: Transferring of files (not implemented)" -To recompress gzipped files with bzip2 using a remote server run: -.PP -.Vb 3 -\& find logs/ \-name \*(Aq*.gz\*(Aq | \e -\& parallel \-\-sshlogin server.example.com \e -\& \-\-transfer "zcat {} | bzip2 \-9 >{.}.bz2" -.Ve -.PP -This will list the .gz\-files in the \fIlogs\fR directory and all -directories below. Then it will transfer the files to -\&\fIserver.example.com\fR to the corresponding directory in -\&\fI\f(CI$HOME\fI/logs\fR. On \fIserver.example.com\fR the file will be recompressed -using \fBzcat\fR and \fBbzip2\fR resulting in the corresponding file with -\&\fI.gz\fR replaced with \fI.bz2\fR. -.PP -If you want the file to be transfered back to the local machine add -\&\fI\-\-return {.}.bz2\fR: -.PP -.Vb 3 -\& find logs/ \-name \*(Aq*.gz\*(Aq | \e -\& parallel \-\-sshlogin server.example.com \e -\& \-\-transfer \-\-return {.}.bz2 "zcat {} | bzip2 \-9 >{.}.bz2" -.Ve -.PP -After the recompressing is done the \fI.bz2\fR\-file is transfered back to -the local machine and put next to the original \fI.gz\fR\-file. -.PP -If you want to delete the transfered files on the remote machine add -\&\fI\-\-cleanup\fR. This will remove both the file transfered to the remote -machine and the files transfered from the remote machine: -.PP -.Vb 3 -\& find logs/ \-name \*(Aq*.gz\*(Aq | \e -\& parallel \-\-sshlogin server.example.com \e -\& \-\-transfer \-\-return {.}.bz2 \-\-cleanup "zcat {} | bzip2 \-9 >{.}.bz2" -.Ve -.PP -If you want run one several servers add the servers to \fI\-\-sshlogin\fR -either using ',' or separate \fI\-\-sshlogin\fR: -.PP -.Vb 4 -\& find logs/ \-name \*(Aq*.gz\*(Aq | \e -\& parallel \-\-sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.com \e -\& \-\-sshlogin server3.example.com \e -\& \-\-transfer \-\-return {.}.bz2 \-\-cleanup "zcat {} | bzip2 \-9 >{.}.bz2" -.Ve -.PP -You can add the local machine using \fI\-\-sshlogin :\fR. This will disable the -removing and transferring for the local machine only: -.PP -.Vb 5 -\& find logs/ \-name \*(Aq*.gz\*(Aq | \e -\& parallel \-\-sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.com \e -\& \-\-sshlogin server3.example.com \e -\& \-\-sshlogin : \e -\& \-\-transfer \-\-return {.}.bz2 \-\-cleanup "zcat {} | bzip2 \-9 >{.}.bz2" -.Ve -.PP -Often \fI\-\-transfer\fR, \fI\-\-return\fR and \fI\-\-cleanup\fR are used together. They can be -shortened to \fI\-\-trc\fR: -.PP -.Vb 5 -\& find logs/ \-name \*(Aq*.gz\*(Aq | \e -\& parallel \-\-sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.com \e -\& \-\-sshlogin server3.example.com \e -\& \-\-sshlogin : \e -\& \-\-trc {.}.bz2 "zcat {} | bzip2 \-9 >{.}.bz2" -.Ve -.PP -With the file \fImymachines\fR containing the compute machines it becomes: -.PP -.Vb 2 -\& find logs/ \-name \*(Aq*.gz\*(Aq | parallel \-\-sshloginfile mymachines \e -\& \-\-trc {.}.bz2 "zcat {} | bzip2 \-9 >{.}.bz2" -.Ve -.SH "QUOTING" -.IX Header "QUOTING" -For more advanced use quoting may be an issue. The following will -print the filename for each line that has exactly 2 columns: -.PP -\&\fBperl \-ne '/^\eS+\es+\eS+$/ and print \f(CB$ARGV\fB,\*(L"\en\*(R"' file\fR -.PP -This can be done by \fBparallel\fR using: -.PP -\&\fBls | parallel \*(L"perl \-ne '/^\e\eS+\e\es+\e\eS+$/ and print \e$ARGV,\e\*(R"\e\en\e\*(L"'\*(R"\fR -.PP -Notice how \e's, "'s, and $'s needs to be quoted. \fBparallel\fR can do -the quoting by using option \fB\-q\fR: -.PP -\&\fBls | parallel \-q perl \-ne '/^\eS+\es+\eS+$/ and print \f(CB$ARGV\fB,\*(L"\en\*(R"'\fR -.PP -However, this means you cannot make the shell interpret special -characters. For example this \fBwill not work\fR: -.PP -\&\fBls | parallel \-q "diff {} foo \fR>\fB{}.diff"\fR -.PP -\&\fBls | parallel \-q \*(L"ls {} | wc \-l\*(R"\fR -.PP -because > and | need to be interpreted by the shell. -.PP -If you get errors like: -.PP -\&\fBsh: \-c: line 0: syntax error near unexpected token\fR -.PP -then you might try using \fB\-q\fR. -.PP -If you are using \fBbash\fR process substitution like \fB<(cat foo)\fR then -you may try \fB\-q\fR and prepending \fBcommand\fR with \fBbash \-c\fR: -.PP -\&\fBls | parallel \-q bash \-c 'wc \-c <(echo {})'\fR -.PP -Or for substituting output: -.PP -\&\fBls | parallel \-q bash \-c 'tar c {} | tee \fR>\fB(gzip \fR>\fB{}.tar.gz) | bzip2 \fR>\fB{}.tar.bz2'\fR -.PP -\&\fBConclusion\fR: To avoid dealing with the quoting problems it may be -easier just to write a small script and have \fBparallel\fR call that -script. -.SH "LIST RUNNING JOBS" -.IX Header "LIST RUNNING JOBS" -If you want a list of the jobs currently running you can run: -.PP -\&\fBkillall \-USR1 parallel\fR -.PP -\&\fBparallel\fR will then print the currently running jobs on \s-1STDERR\s0. -.SH "COMPLETE RUNNING JOBS BUT DO NOT START NEW JOBS" -.IX Header "COMPLETE RUNNING JOBS BUT DO NOT START NEW JOBS" -If you regret starting a lot of jobs you can simply break \fBparallel\fR, -but if you want to make sure you do not have halfcompleted jobs you -should send the signal \fB\s-1SIGTERM\s0\fR to \fBparallel\fR: -.PP -\&\fBkillall \-TERM parallel\fR -.PP -This will tell \fBparallel\fR to not start any new jobs, but wait until -the currently running jobs are finished. -.SH "DIFFERENCES BETWEEN xargs/find \-exec AND parallel" -.IX Header "DIFFERENCES BETWEEN xargs/find -exec AND parallel" -\&\fBxargs\fR and \fBfind \-exec\fR offer some of the same possibilites as -\&\fBparallel\fR. -.PP -\&\fBfind \-exec\fR only works on files. So processing other input (such as -hosts or URLs) will require creating these inputs as files. \fBfind -\&\-exec\fR has no support for running commands in parallel. -.PP -\&\fBxargs\fR deals badly with special characters (such as space, ' and -"). To see the problem try this: -.PP -.Vb 5 -\& touch important_file -\& touch \*(Aqnot important_file\*(Aq -\& ls not* | xargs rm -\& mkdir \-p \*(Aq12" records\*(Aq -\& ls | xargs rmdir -.Ve -.PP -You can specify \fB\-0\fR or \fB\-d \*(L"\en\*(R"\fR, but many input generators are not -optimized for using \fB\s-1NUL\s0\fR as separator but are optimized for -\&\fBnewline\fR as separator. E.g \fBhead\fR, \fBtail\fR, \fBawk\fR, \fBls\fR, \fBecho\fR, -\&\fBsed\fR, \fBtar \-v\fR, \fBperl\fR (\-0 and \e0 instead of \en), \fBlocate\fR -(requires using \-0), \fBfind\fR (requires using \-print0), \fBgrep\fR -(requires user to use \-z or \-Z). -.PP -So \fBparallel\fR's newline separation can be emulated with: -.PP -\&\fBcat | xargs \-d \*(L"\en\*(R" \-n1 \f(BIcommand\fB\fR -.PP -\&\fBxargs\fR can run a given number of jobs in parallel, but has no -support for running number-of-cpu-cores jobs in parallel. -.PP -\&\fBxargs\fR has no support for grouping the output, therefore output may -run together, e.g. the first half of a line is from one process and -the last half of the line is from another process. -.PP -\&\fBxargs\fR has no support for keeping the order of the output, therefore -if running jobs in parallel using \fBxargs\fR the output of the second -job cannot be postponed till the first job is done. -.PP -\&\fBxargs\fR has no support for context replace, so you will have to create the -arguments. -.PP -If you use a replace string in \fBxargs\fR (\fB\-I\fR) you can not force -\&\fBxargs\fR to use more than one argument. -.PP -Quoting in \fBxargs\fR works like \fB\-q\fR in \fBparallel\fR. This means -composed commands and redirection requires using \fBbash \-c\fR. -.PP -\&\fBls | parallel "wc {} \fR> \fB{}.wc"\fR -.PP -becomes -.PP -\&\fBls | xargs \-d \*(L"\en\*(R" \-P10 \-I {} bash \-c "wc {} \fR>\fB {}.wc"\fR -.PP -and -.PP -\&\fBls | parallel \*(L"echo {}; ls {}|wc\*(R"\fR -.PP -becomes -.PP -\&\fBls | xargs \-d \*(L"\en\*(R" \-P10 \-I {} bash \-c \*(L"echo {}; ls {}|wc\*(R"\fR -.SH "DIFFERENCES BETWEEN mdm/middleman AND parallel" -.IX Header "DIFFERENCES BETWEEN mdm/middleman AND parallel" -middleman(mdm) is also a tool for running jobs in parallel. -.PP -Here are the shellscripts of http://mdm.berlios.de/usage.html ported -to parallel use: -.PP -\&\fBseq 1 19 | parallel \-j+0 buffon \-o \- | sort \-n \fR>\fB result\fR -.PP -\&\fBcat files | parallel \-j+0 cmd\fR -.SH "BUGS" -.IX Header "BUGS" -Filenames beginning with '\-' can cause some commands to give -unexpected results, as it will often be interpreted as an option. -.SH "REPORTING BUGS" -.IX Header "REPORTING BUGS" -Report bugs to . -.SH "IDEAS" -.IX Header "IDEAS" -One char options not used: F G J K M P Q Y -.PP -Test if \-0 works on filenames ending in '\en' -.PP -xargs dropin-replacement. -Implement the missing \-\-features -.PP -monitor to see which jobs are currently running -http://code.google.com/p/ppss/ -.PP -Accept signal \s-1INT\s0 instead of \s-1TERM\s0 to complete current running jobs but -do not start new jobs. Print out the number of jobs waiting to -complete on \s-1STDERR\s0. Accept sig \s-1INT\s0 again to kill now. This seems to be -hard, as all foreground processes get the \s-1INT\s0 from the shell. -.PP -If there are nomore jobs (\s-1STDIN\s0 is closed) then make sure to -distribute the arguments evenly if running \-X. -.PP -Distribute jobs to computers with different speeds/number\-of\-cpu\-cores using ssh -ask the computers how many cpus they have and spawn appropriately -according to \-j setting. Reuse ssh connection (\-M and \-S) -.PP -SEED=$RANDOM -ssh \-MS /tmp/ssh\-%r@%h:%p\-$SEED elvis -rsync \-\-rsh=\*(L"ssh \-S /tmp/ssh\-%r@%h:%p\-$SEED\*(R" gitup elvis:/tmp/ -ssh \-S /tmp/ssh\-%r@%h:%p\-$SEED elvis hostname -.PP -FILE=gpl\-3.0.txt -BASE=gpl\-3.0 -$ rsync \-z \f(CW$FILE\fR e:$FILE -$ ssh e \*(L"cat \f(CW$FILE\fR | bzip2 > \f(CW$BASE\fR.bz2\*(R" -$ rsync \-z e:$BASE.bz2 \f(CW$BASE\fR.bz2 -$ ssh e \*(L"rm \f(CW$FILE\fR \f(CW$BASE\fR\*(R" -.PP -http://www.semicomplete.com/blog/geekery/distributed\-xargs.html?source=rss20 -http://code.google.com/p/ppss/wiki/Manual2 -.PP -http://www.gnu.org/software/pexec/ -.PP -Where will '>' be run? Local or remote? Remote. -.PP -Parallelize so this can be done: -mdm.screen find dir \-execdir mdm-run cmd {} \e; -Maybe: -find dir \-execdir parallel \-\-communication\-file /tmp/comfile cmd {} \e; -.SS "Comfile" -.IX Subsection "Comfile" -This will put a lock on /tmp/comfile. The number of locks is the number of running commands. -If the number is smaller than \-j then it will start a process in the background ( cmd & ), -otherwise wait. -.PP -parallel \-\-wait /tmp/comfile will wait until no more locks on the file -.SH "AUTHOR" -.IX Header "AUTHOR" -Copyright (C) 2007\-10\-18 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk -.PP -Copyright (C) 2008\-2010 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk -.SH "LICENSE" -.IX Header "LICENSE" -Copyright (C) 2007\-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -.PP -This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify -it under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 General Public License as published by -the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or -at your option any later version. -.PP -This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, -but \s-1WITHOUT\s0 \s-1ANY\s0 \s-1WARRANTY\s0; without even the implied warranty of -\&\s-1MERCHANTABILITY\s0 or \s-1FITNESS\s0 \s-1FOR\s0 A \s-1PARTICULAR\s0 \s-1PURPOSE\s0. See the -\&\s-1GNU\s0 General Public License for more details. -.PP -You should have received a copy of the \s-1GNU\s0 General Public License -along with this program. If not, see . -.SH "DEPENDENCIES" -.IX Header "DEPENDENCIES" -\&\fBparallel\fR uses Perl, and the Perl modules Getopt::Long, IPC::Open3, -Symbol, IO::File, \s-1POSIX\s0, and File::Temp. -.SH "SEE ALSO" -.IX Header "SEE ALSO" -\&\fBfind\fR(1), \fBxargs\fR(1)