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parallel: Fixed bug #42842: --bar with weird chars. Fixed bug #42845: rsync 3.1.x fails against 2.5.7.

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Give warning if reading arguments (for --eta/--bar) takes > 30 sec.
A few more characters annoy tmux.
parallel.pod: Bash array copy function.
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Ole Tange 2014-07-28 00:30:54 +02:00
parent 9a25177a19
commit af23562d99
9 changed files with 141 additions and 5947 deletions
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@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
rici@stackoverflow.com: Documentation on exporting arrays using --env.
Malcolm Cook: The idea to use a general perl expression as replacement strings.

459
src/niceload.texi
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@ -1,459 +0,0 @@
\input texinfo
@setfilename niceload.info
@documentencoding utf-8
@settitle niceload - slow down a program when the load average is above a certain limit
@node Top
@top niceload
@menu
* NAME::
* SYNOPSIS::
* DESCRIPTION::
* OPTIONS::
* EXAMPLE@asis{:} See niceload in action::
* EXAMPLE@asis{:} Run updatedb::
* EXAMPLE@asis{:} Run rsync::
* EXAMPLE@asis{:} Ensure enough disk cache::
* ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES::
* EXIT STATUS::
* REPORTING BUGS::
* AUTHOR::
* LICENSE::
* DEPENDENCIES::
* SEE ALSO::
@end menu
@node NAME
@chapter NAME
niceload - slow down a program when the load average is above a certain limit
@node SYNOPSIS
@chapter SYNOPSIS
@strong{niceload} [-v] [-h] [-n nice] [-I io] [-L load] [-M mem] [-N]
[--sensor program] [-t time] [-s time|-f factor] ( command | -p PID [-p PID ...] )
@node DESCRIPTION
@chapter DESCRIPTION
GNU @strong{niceload} will slow down a program when the load average (or
other system activity) is above a certain limit. When the limit is
reached the program will be suspended for some time. Then resumed
again for some time. Then the load average is checked again and we
start over.
Instead of load average @strong{niceload} can also look at disk I/O, amount
of free memory, or swapping activity.
If the load is 3.00 then the default settings will run a program
like this:
run 1 second, suspend (3.00-1.00) seconds, run 1 second, suspend
(3.00-1.00) seconds, run 1 second, ...
@node OPTIONS
@chapter OPTIONS
@table @asis
@item @strong{-f} @emph{FACTOR}
@anchor{@strong{-f} @emph{FACTOR}}
@item @strong{--factor} @emph{FACTOR}
@anchor{@strong{--factor} @emph{FACTOR}}
Suspend time factor. Dynamically set @strong{-s} as amount over limit *
factor. Default is 1.
@item @strong{-H}
@anchor{@strong{-H}}
@item @strong{--hard}
@anchor{@strong{--hard}}
Hard limit. @strong{--hard} will suspend the process until the system is
under the limits. The default is @strong{--soft}.
@item @strong{--io} @emph{iolimit}
@anchor{@strong{--io} @emph{iolimit}}
@item @strong{-I} @emph{iolimit}
@anchor{@strong{-I} @emph{iolimit}}
Limit for I/O. The amount of disk I/O will be computed as a value 0 -
10, where 0 is no I/O and 10 is at least one disk is 100% saturated.
@strong{--io} will set both @strong{--start-io} and @strong{run-io}.
@item @strong{--load} @emph{loadlimit}
@anchor{@strong{--load} @emph{loadlimit}}
@item @strong{-L} @emph{loadlimit}
@anchor{@strong{-L} @emph{loadlimit}}
Limit for load average.
@strong{--load} will set both @strong{--start-load} and @strong{run-load}.
@item @strong{--mem} @emph{memlimit}
@anchor{@strong{--mem} @emph{memlimit}}
@item @strong{-M} @emph{memlimit}
@anchor{@strong{-M} @emph{memlimit}}
Limit for free memory. This is the amount of bytes available as free
+ cache. This limit is treated opposite other limits: If the system
is above the limit the program will run, if it is below the limit the
program will stop
@emph{memlimit} can be postfixed with K, M, G, T, or P which would
multiply the size with 1024, 1048576, 1073741824, or 1099511627776
respectively.
@strong{--mem} will set both @strong{--start-mem} and @strong{run-mem}.
@item @strong{--noswap}
@anchor{@strong{--noswap}}
@item @strong{-N}
@anchor{@strong{-N}}
No swapping. If the system is swapping both in and out it is a good
indication that the system is memory stressed.
@strong{--noswap} is over limit if the system is swapping both in and out.
@strong{--noswap} will set both @strong{--start-noswap} and @strong{run-noswap}.
@item @strong{-n} @emph{niceness}
@anchor{@strong{-n} @emph{niceness}}
@item @strong{--nice} @emph{niceness}
@anchor{@strong{--nice} @emph{niceness}}
Sets niceness. See @strong{nice}(1).
@item @strong{-p} @emph{PID} (alpha testing)
@anchor{@strong{-p} @emph{PID} (alpha testing)}
@item @strong{--pid} @emph{PID} (alpha testing)
@anchor{@strong{--pid} @emph{PID} (alpha testing)}
Process ID of process to suspend. You can specify multiple process IDs
with multiple @strong{-p} @emph{PID}.
@item @strong{--prg} @emph{program} (alpha testing)
@anchor{@strong{--prg} @emph{program} (alpha testing)}
@item @strong{--program} @emph{program} (alpha testing)
@anchor{@strong{--program} @emph{program} (alpha testing)}
Name of running program to suspend. You can specify multiple programs
with multiple @strong{--prg} @emph{program}.
@item @strong{--quote}
@anchor{@strong{--quote}}
@item @strong{-q}
@anchor{@strong{-q}}
Quote the command line. Useful if the command contains chars like *,
$, >, and " that should not be interpreted by the shell.
@item @strong{--run-io} @emph{iolimit}
@anchor{@strong{--run-io} @emph{iolimit}}
@item @strong{--ri} @emph{iolimit}
@anchor{@strong{--ri} @emph{iolimit}}
@item @strong{--run-load} @emph{loadlimit}
@anchor{@strong{--run-load} @emph{loadlimit}}
@item @strong{--rl} @emph{loadlimit}
@anchor{@strong{--rl} @emph{loadlimit}}
@item @strong{--run-mem} @emph{memlimit}
@anchor{@strong{--run-mem} @emph{memlimit}}
@item @strong{--rm} @emph{memlimit}
@anchor{@strong{--rm} @emph{memlimit}}
Run limit. The running program will be slowed down if the system is
above the limit. See: @strong{--io}, @strong{--load}, @strong{--mem}, @strong{--noswap}.
@item @strong{--sensor} @emph{sensor program} (alpha testing)
@anchor{@strong{--sensor} @emph{sensor program} (alpha testing)}
Read sensor. Use @emph{sensor program} to read a sensor.
This will keep the CPU temperature below 80 deg C on GNU/Linux:
@verbatim
niceload -l 80000 -f 0.001 --sensor 'sort -n /sys/devices/platform/coretemp*/temp*_input' gzip *
@end verbatim
This will stop if the disk space < 100000.
@verbatim
niceload -H -l -100000 --sensor "df . | awk '{ print \$4 }'" echo
@end verbatim
@item @strong{--start-io} @emph{iolimit}
@anchor{@strong{--start-io} @emph{iolimit}}
@item @strong{--si} @emph{iolimit}
@anchor{@strong{--si} @emph{iolimit}}
@item @strong{--start-load} @emph{loadlimit}
@anchor{@strong{--start-load} @emph{loadlimit}}
@item @strong{--sl} @emph{loadlimit}
@anchor{@strong{--sl} @emph{loadlimit}}
@item @strong{--start-mem} @emph{memlimit}
@anchor{@strong{--start-mem} @emph{memlimit}}
@item @strong{--sm} @emph{memlimit}
@anchor{@strong{--sm} @emph{memlimit}}
Start limit. The program will not start until the system is below the
limit. See: @strong{--io}, @strong{--load}, @strong{--mem}, @strong{--noswap}.
@item @strong{--soft}
@anchor{@strong{--soft}}
@item @strong{-S}
@anchor{@strong{-S}}
Soft limit. @strong{niceload} will suspend a process for a while and then
let it run for a second thus only slowing down a process while the
system is over one of the given limits. This is the default.
@item @strong{--suspend} @emph{SEC}
@anchor{@strong{--suspend} @emph{SEC}}
@item @strong{-s} @emph{SEC}
@anchor{@strong{-s} @emph{SEC}}
Suspend time. Suspend the command this many seconds when the max load
average is reached.
@item @strong{--recheck} @emph{SEC}
@anchor{@strong{--recheck} @emph{SEC}}
@item @strong{-t} @emph{SEC}
@anchor{@strong{-t} @emph{SEC}}
Recheck load time. Sleep SEC seconds before checking load
again. Default is 1 second.
@item @strong{--verbose}
@anchor{@strong{--verbose}}
@item @strong{-v}
@anchor{@strong{-v}}
Verbose. Print some extra output on what is happening. Use @strong{-v} until
you know what your are doing.
@end table
@node EXAMPLE: See niceload in action
@chapter EXAMPLE: See niceload in action
In terminal 1 run: top
In terminal 2 run:
@strong{niceload -q perl -e '$|=1;do@{$l==$r or print "."; $l=$r@}until(($r=time-$^T)}>@strong{50)'}
This will print a '.' every second for 50 seconds and eat a lot of
CPU. When the load rises to 1.0 the process is suspended.
@node EXAMPLE: Run updatedb
@chapter EXAMPLE: Run updatedb
Running updatedb can often starve the system for disk I/O and thus result in a high load.
Run updatedb but suspend updatedb if the load is above 2.00:
@strong{niceload -L 2 updatedb}
@node EXAMPLE: Run rsync
@chapter EXAMPLE: Run rsync
rsync can just like updatedb starve the system for disk I/O and thus result in a high load.
Run rsync but keep load below 3.4. If load reaches 7 sleep for
(7-3.4)*12 seconds:
@strong{niceload -L 3.4 -f 12 rsync -Ha /home/ /backup/home/}
@node EXAMPLE: Ensure enough disk cache
@chapter EXAMPLE: Ensure enough disk cache
Assume the program @strong{foo} uses 2 GB files intensively. @strong{foo} will run
fast if the files are in disk cache and be slow as a crawl if they are
not in the cache.
To ensure 2 GB are reserved for disk cache run:
@strong{niceload --hard --run-mem 2g foo}
This will not guarantee that the 2 GB memory will be used for the
files for @strong{foo}, but it will stop @strong{foo} if the memory for disk cache
is too low.
@node ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
@chapter ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
None. In future versions $NICELOAD will be able to contain default settings.
@node EXIT STATUS
@chapter EXIT STATUS
Exit status should be the same as the command being run (untested).
@node REPORTING BUGS
@chapter REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to <bug-parallel@@gnu.org>.
@node AUTHOR
@chapter AUTHOR
Copyright (C) 2004-11-19 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk
Copyright (C) 2005,2006,2006,2008,2009,2010 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk
Copyright (C) 2010,2011,2012 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk and Free
Software Foundation, Inc.
@node LICENSE
@chapter LICENSE
Copyright (C) 2010,2011,2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
at your option any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
@menu
* Documentation license I::
* Documentation license II::
@end menu
@node Documentation license I
@section Documentation license I
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this documentation
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the file fdl.txt.
@node Documentation license II
@section Documentation license II
You are free:
@table @asis
@item @strong{to Share}
@anchor{@strong{to Share}}
to copy, distribute and transmit the work
@item @strong{to Remix}
@anchor{@strong{to Remix}}
to adapt the work
@end table
Under the following conditions:
@table @asis
@item @strong{Attribution}
@anchor{@strong{Attribution}}
You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or
licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or
your use of the work).
@item @strong{Share Alike}
@anchor{@strong{Share Alike}}
If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute
the resulting work only under the same, similar or a compatible
license.
@end table
With the understanding that:
@table @asis
@item @strong{Waiver}
@anchor{@strong{Waiver}}
Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from
the copyright holder.
@item @strong{Public Domain}
@anchor{@strong{Public Domain}}
Where the work or any of its elements is in the public domain under
applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
@item @strong{Other Rights}
@anchor{@strong{Other Rights}}
In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license:
@itemize
@item Your fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable
copyright exceptions and limitations;
@item The author's moral rights;
@item Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in
how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights.
@end itemize
@end table
@table @asis
@item @strong{Notice}
@anchor{@strong{Notice}}
For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the
license terms of this work.
@end table
A copy of the full license is included in the file as cc-by-sa.txt.
@node DEPENDENCIES
@chapter DEPENDENCIES
GNU @strong{niceload} uses Perl, and the Perl modules POSIX, and
Getopt::Long.
@node SEE ALSO
@chapter SEE ALSO
@strong{parallel}(1), @strong{nice}(1), @strong{uptime}(1)
@bye

58
src/parallel
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@ -852,7 +852,8 @@ sub parse_options {
if(defined $opt::fg) { $Global::semaphore = 1; } if(defined $opt::fg) { $Global::semaphore = 1; }
if(defined $opt::bg) { $Global::semaphore = 1; } if(defined $opt::bg) { $Global::semaphore = 1; }
if(defined $opt::wait) { $Global::semaphore = 1; } if(defined $opt::wait) { $Global::semaphore = 1; }
if(defined $opt::halt_on_error and $opt::halt_on_error=~/%/) { $opt::halt_on_error /= 100; } if(defined $opt::halt_on_error and
$opt::halt_on_error=~/%/) { $opt::halt_on_error /= 100; }
if(defined $opt::timeout and $opt::timeout !~ /^\d+(\.\d+)?%?$/) { if(defined $opt::timeout and $opt::timeout !~ /^\d+(\.\d+)?%?$/) {
::error("--timeout must be seconds or percentage\n"); ::error("--timeout must be seconds or percentage\n");
wait_and_exit(255); wait_and_exit(255);
@ -1817,6 +1818,8 @@ sub progress {
if($opt::bar) { if($opt::bar) {
my $arg = $Global::newest_job ? my $arg = $Global::newest_job ?
$Global::newest_job->{'commandline'}->replace_placeholders(["\257<\257>"],0,0) : ""; $Global::newest_job->{'commandline'}->replace_placeholders(["\257<\257>"],0,0) : "";
# [\011\013\014] messes up display in the terminal
$arg =~ s/[\011\013\014]//g;
my $bar_text = sprintf("%d%% %d:%d=%ds %s", my $bar_text = sprintf("%d%% %d:%d=%ds %s",
$pctcomplete*100, $completed, $left, $this_eta, $arg); $pctcomplete*100, $completed, $left, $this_eta, $arg);
my $rev = ''; my $rev = '';
@ -4229,7 +4232,6 @@ sub control_path_dir {
return $self->{'control_path_dir'}; return $self->{'control_path_dir'};
} }
sub rsync_transfer_cmd { sub rsync_transfer_cmd {
# Command to run to transfer a file # Command to run to transfer a file
# Input: # Input:
@ -4257,7 +4259,7 @@ sub rsync_transfer_cmd {
my $serverlogin = $self->serverlogin(); my $serverlogin = $self->serverlogin();
# Make dir if it does not exist # Make dir if it does not exist
return "( $sshcmd $serverlogin mkdir -p $rsync_destdir;" . return "( $sshcmd $serverlogin mkdir -p $rsync_destdir;" .
"rsync $rsync_opt $file $serverlogin:$rsync_destdir )"; rsync()." $rsync_opt $file $serverlogin:$rsync_destdir )";
} }
sub cleanup_cmd { sub cleanup_cmd {
@ -4297,6 +4299,31 @@ sub cleanup_cmd {
return "$sshcmd $serverlogin ".::shell_quote_scalar("(rm -f $f; $rmdir)"); return "$sshcmd $serverlogin ".::shell_quote_scalar("(rm -f $f; $rmdir)");
} }
{
my $rsync;
sub rsync {
# rsync 3.1.x uses protocol 31 which is unsupported by 2.5.7.
# If the version >= 3.1.0: downgrade to protocol 30
if(not $rsync) {
my @out = `rsync --version`;
for (@out) {
if(/version (\d+.\d+)(.\d+)?/) {
if($1 >= 3.1) {
# Version 3.1.0 or later: Downgrade to protocol 30
$rsync = "rsync --protocol 30";
} else {
$rsync = "rsync";
}
}
}
$rsync or ::die_bug("Cannot figure out version of rsync: @out");
}
return $rsync;
}
}
package JobQueue; package JobQueue;
sub new { sub new {
@ -4352,9 +4379,20 @@ sub total_jobs {
if(not defined $self->{'total_jobs'}) { if(not defined $self->{'total_jobs'}) {
my $job; my $job;
my @queue; my @queue;
my $start = time;
while($job = $self->get()) {
if(time - $start > 30) {
::warning("Reading all arguments takes longer than 30 seconds.\n");
$opt::eta && ::warning("Consider removing --eta.\n");
$opt::bar && ::warning("Consider removing --bar.\n");
last;
}
push @queue, $job;
}
while($job = $self->get()) { while($job = $self->get()) {
push @queue, $job; push @queue, $job;
} }
$self->unget(@queue); $self->unget(@queue);
$self->{'total_jobs'} = $#queue+1; $self->{'total_jobs'} = $#queue+1;
} }
@ -5109,9 +5147,9 @@ sub sshreturn {
my $basename = ::shell_quote_scalar(::shell_quote_file(basename($file))); my $basename = ::shell_quote_scalar(::shell_quote_file(basename($file)));
# --return # --return
# mkdir -p /home/tange/dir/subdir/; # mkdir -p /home/tange/dir/subdir/;
# rsync -rlDzR --rsync-path="cd /home/tange/dir/subdir/; rsync" # rsync (--protocol 30) -rlDzR --rsync-path="cd /home/tange/dir/subdir/; rsync"
# server:file.gz /home/tange/dir/subdir/ # server:file.gz /home/tange/dir/subdir/
$pre .= "mkdir -p $basedir$cd; rsync $rsync_cd $rsync_opt $serverlogin:". $pre .= "mkdir -p $basedir$cd; ".$sshlogin->rsync()." $rsync_cd $rsync_opt $serverlogin:".
$basename . " ".$basedir.$cd.";"; $basename . " ".$basedir.$cd.";";
} }
return $pre; return $pre;
@ -5365,8 +5403,9 @@ sub tmux_wrap {
unlink $tmpfile; unlink $tmpfile;
my $visual_command = $self->replaced(); my $visual_command = $self->replaced();
my $title = ::undef_as_empty($self->{'commandline'}->replace_placeholders(["\257<\257>"],0,0)).""; my $title = ::undef_as_empty($self->{'commandline'}->replace_placeholders(["\257<\257>"],0,0))."";
# ascii 194-224 annoys tmux # ; causes problems
$title =~ s/[\011-\016;\302-\340]//g; # ascii 194-245 annoys tmux
$title =~ s/[\011-\016;\302-\365]//g;
my $tmux; my $tmux;
if($Global::total_running == 0) { if($Global::total_running == 0) {
@ -5378,11 +5417,12 @@ sub tmux_wrap {
} }
return "mkfifo $tmpfile; $tmux ". return "mkfifo $tmpfile; $tmux ".
# Run in tmux # Run in tmux
::shell_quote_scalar("(".$actual_command.');(echo $?$status;echo 255) >'.$tmpfile.";". ::shell_quote_scalar(
"(".$actual_command.');(echo $?$status;echo 255) >'.$tmpfile.";".
"echo ".::shell_quote_scalar($visual_command).";". "echo ".::shell_quote_scalar($visual_command).";".
"echo \007Job finished at: `date`;sleep 10"). "echo \007Job finished at: `date`;sleep 10").
# Run outside tmux # Run outside tmux
"; exit `perl -ne '1..1 and print' $tmpfile;rm $tmpfile` "; "; exit `perl -ne 'unlink $ARGV; 1..1 and print' $tmpfile;rm $tmpfile` ";
} }
sub is_already_in_results { sub is_already_in_results {

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src/parallel.pod
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@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ B<exportf> to export and to set $SHELL to bash:
exportf my_func exportf my_func
SHELL=/bin/bash parallel "my_func {}" ::: 1 2 SHELL=/bin/bash parallel "my_func {}" ::: 1 2
The command cannot contain the character \257 (¯). The command cannot contain the character \257 (macron: ¯).
=item B<{}> (alpha testing) =item B<{}> (alpha testing)
@ -568,6 +568,26 @@ In Bash I<var> can also be a Bash function - just remember to B<export
The variable '_' is special. It will copy all enviroment variables The variable '_' is special. It will copy all enviroment variables
except for the ones mentioned in ~/.parallel/ignored_vars. except for the ones mentioned in ~/.parallel/ignored_vars.
To copy Bash arrays you need an importer function, as Bash arrays
cannot be exported:
import_array () {
local func=$1; shift;
export $func='() {
'"$(for arr in $@; do
declare -p $arr|sed '1s/declare -./&g/'
done)"'
}'
}
declare -A assoc='([one]="1" [two]="2")'
declare -a indexed='([0]="one" [1]="two")'
import_array my_importer assoc indexed
parallel --env my_importer \
'my_importer; echo "{}" "${indexed[{}]}" "${assoc[${indexed[{}]}]}"' ::: "${!indexed[@]}"
See also: B<--record-env>. See also: B<--record-env>.

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@ -1,359 +0,0 @@
\input texinfo
@setfilename sem.info
@documentencoding utf-8
@settitle sem - semaphore for executing shell command lines in parallel
@node Top
@top sem
@menu
* NAME::
* SYNOPSIS::
* DESCRIPTION::
* OPTIONS::
* EXAMPLE@asis{:} Gzipping *.log::
* EXAMPLE@asis{:} Protecting pod2html from itself::
* BUGS::
* REPORTING BUGS::
* AUTHOR::
* LICENSE::
* DEPENDENCIES::
* SEE ALSO::
@end menu
@node NAME
@chapter NAME
sem - semaphore for executing shell command lines in parallel
@node SYNOPSIS
@chapter SYNOPSIS
@strong{sem} [--fg] [--id <id>] [--timeout <secs>] [-j <num>] [--wait] command
@node DESCRIPTION
@chapter DESCRIPTION
GNU @strong{sem} is an alias for GNU @strong{parallel --semaphore}.
It works as a tool for executing shell commands in parallel. GNU
@strong{sem} acts as a counting semaphore. When GNU @strong{sem} is called with
command it will start the command in the background. When @emph{num}
number of commands are running in the background, GNU @strong{sem} will wait
for one of these to complete before starting another command.
Before looking at the options you may want to check out the examples
after the list of options. That will give you an idea of what GNU
@strong{sem} is capable of.
@node OPTIONS
@chapter OPTIONS
@table @asis
@item @emph{command}
@anchor{@emph{command}}
Command to execute. The command may be followed by arguments for the command.
@item @strong{--bg}
@anchor{@strong{--bg}}
Run command in background thus GNU @strong{parallel} will not wait for
completion of the command before exiting. This is the default.
See also: @strong{--fg}
@item @strong{-j} @emph{N}
@anchor{@strong{-j} @emph{N}}
Run up to N commands in parallel. Default is 1 thus acting like a
mutex.
@item @strong{--jobs} @emph{N}
@anchor{@strong{--jobs} @emph{N}}
@item @strong{-j} @emph{N}
@anchor{@strong{-j} @emph{N} 1}
@item @strong{--max-procs} @emph{N}
@anchor{@strong{--max-procs} @emph{N}}
@item @strong{-P} @emph{N}
@anchor{@strong{-P} @emph{N}}
Run up to N commands in parallel. Default is 1 thus acting like a
mutex.
@item @strong{--jobs} @emph{+N}
@anchor{@strong{--jobs} @emph{+N}}
@item @strong{-j} @emph{+N}
@anchor{@strong{-j} @emph{+N}}
@item @strong{--max-procs} @emph{+N}
@anchor{@strong{--max-procs} @emph{+N}}
@item @strong{-P} @emph{+N}
@anchor{@strong{-P} @emph{+N}}
Add N to the number of CPU cores. Run up to this many jobs in
parallel. For compute intensive jobs @strong{-j} +0 is useful as it will run
number-of-cpu-cores jobs simultaneously.
@item @strong{--jobs} @emph{-N}
@anchor{@strong{--jobs} @emph{-N}}
@item @strong{-j} @emph{-N}
@anchor{@strong{-j} @emph{-N}}
@item @strong{--max-procs} @emph{-N}
@anchor{@strong{--max-procs} @emph{-N}}
@item @strong{-P} @emph{-N}
@anchor{@strong{-P} @emph{-N}}
Subtract N from the number of CPU cores. Run up to this many jobs in
parallel. If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used.
See also @strong{--use-cpus-instead-of-cores}.
@item @strong{--jobs} @emph{N}%
@anchor{@strong{--jobs} @emph{N}%}
@item @strong{-j} @emph{N}%
@anchor{@strong{-j} @emph{N}%}
@item @strong{--max-procs} @emph{N}%
@anchor{@strong{--max-procs} @emph{N}%}
@item @strong{-P} @emph{N}%
@anchor{@strong{-P} @emph{N}%}
Multiply N% with the number of CPU cores. Run up to this many jobs in
parallel. If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used.
See also @strong{--use-cpus-instead-of-cores}.
@item @strong{--jobs} @emph{procfile}
@anchor{@strong{--jobs} @emph{procfile}}
@item @strong{-j} @emph{procfile}
@anchor{@strong{-j} @emph{procfile}}
@item @strong{--max-procs} @emph{procfile}
@anchor{@strong{--max-procs} @emph{procfile}}
@item @strong{-P} @emph{procfile}
@anchor{@strong{-P} @emph{procfile}}
Read parameter from file. Use the content of @emph{procfile} as parameter
for @emph{-j}. E.g. @emph{procfile} could contain the string 100% or +2 or
10.
@item @strong{--semaphorename} @emph{name}
@anchor{@strong{--semaphorename} @emph{name}}
@item @strong{--id} @emph{name}
@anchor{@strong{--id} @emph{name}}
Use @strong{name} as the name of the semaphore. Default is the name of the
controlling tty (output from @strong{tty}).
The default normally works as expected when used interactively, but
when used in a script @emph{name} should be set. @emph{$$} or @emph{my_task_name}
are often a good value.
The semaphore is stored in ~/.parallel/semaphores/
@item @strong{--fg}
@anchor{@strong{--fg}}
Do not put command in background.
@item @strong{--timeout} @emph{secs} (not implemented)
@anchor{@strong{--timeout} @emph{secs} (not implemented)}
@item @strong{-t} @emph{secs} (not implemented)
@anchor{@strong{-t} @emph{secs} (not implemented)}
If the semaphore is not released within @emph{secs} seconds, take it anyway.
@item @strong{--wait}
@anchor{@strong{--wait}}
@item @strong{-w}
@anchor{@strong{-w}}
Wait for all commands to complete.
@end table
@node EXAMPLE: Gzipping *.log
@chapter EXAMPLE: Gzipping *.log
Run one gzip process per CPU core. Block until a CPU core becomes
available.
@verbatim
for i in *.log ; do
echo $i
sem -j+0 gzip $i ";" echo done
done
sem --wait
@end verbatim
@node EXAMPLE: Protecting pod2html from itself
@chapter EXAMPLE: Protecting pod2html from itself
pod2html creates two files: pod2htmd.tmp and pod2htmi.tmp which it
does not clean up. It uses these two files for a short time. But if
you run multiple pod2html in parallel (e.g. in a Makefile with make
-j) you need to protect pod2html from running twice at the same
time. @strong{sem} running as a mutex will do just that:
@verbatim
sem --fg --id pod2html pod2html foo.pod > foo.html
sem --fg --id pod2html rm -f pod2htmd.tmp pod2htmi.tmp
@end verbatim
@node BUGS
@chapter BUGS
None known.
@node REPORTING BUGS
@chapter REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to <bug-parallel@@gnu.org>.
@node AUTHOR
@chapter AUTHOR
Copyright (C) 2010,2011,2012,2013 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk and Free
Software Foundation, Inc.
@node LICENSE
@chapter LICENSE
Copyright (C) 2010,2011,2012,2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
at your option any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
@menu
* Documentation license I::
* Documentation license II::
@end menu
@node Documentation license I
@section Documentation license I
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this documentation
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the file fdl.txt.
@node Documentation license II
@section Documentation license II
You are free:
@table @asis
@item @strong{to Share}
@anchor{@strong{to Share}}
to copy, distribute and transmit the work
@item @strong{to Remix}
@anchor{@strong{to Remix}}
to adapt the work
@end table
Under the following conditions:
@table @asis
@item @strong{Attribution}
@anchor{@strong{Attribution}}
You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or
licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or
your use of the work).
@item @strong{Share Alike}
@anchor{@strong{Share Alike}}
If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute
the resulting work only under the same, similar or a compatible
license.
@end table
With the understanding that:
@table @asis
@item @strong{Waiver}
@anchor{@strong{Waiver}}
Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from
the copyright holder.
@item @strong{Public Domain}
@anchor{@strong{Public Domain}}
Where the work or any of its elements is in the public domain under
applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
@item @strong{Other Rights}
@anchor{@strong{Other Rights}}
In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license:
@itemize
@item Your fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable
copyright exceptions and limitations;
@item The author's moral rights;
@item Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in
how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights.
@end itemize
@end table
@table @asis
@item @strong{Notice}
@anchor{@strong{Notice}}
For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the
license terms of this work.
@end table
A copy of the full license is included in the file as cc-by-sa.txt.
@node DEPENDENCIES
@chapter DEPENDENCIES
GNU @strong{sem} uses Perl, and the Perl modules Getopt::Long,
Symbol, Fcntl.
@node SEE ALSO
@chapter SEE ALSO
@strong{parallel}(1)
@bye

540
src/sql.texi
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@ -1,540 +0,0 @@
\input texinfo
@setfilename sql.info
@documentencoding utf-8
@settitle sql - execute a command on a database determined by a dburl
@node Top
@top sql
@menu
* NAME::
* SYNOPSIS::
* DESCRIPTION::
* DBURL::
* EXAMPLES::
* REPORTING BUGS::
* AUTHOR::
* LICENSE::
* DEPENDENCIES::
* FILES::
* SEE ALSO::
@end menu
@node NAME
@chapter NAME
sql - execute a command on a database determined by a dburl
@node SYNOPSIS
@chapter SYNOPSIS
@strong{sql} [options] @emph{dburl} [@emph{commands}]
@strong{sql} [options] @emph{dburl} < commandfile
@strong{#!/usr/bin/sql} @strong{--shebang} [options] @emph{dburl}
@node DESCRIPTION
@chapter DESCRIPTION
GNU @strong{sql} aims to give a simple, unified interface for accessing
databases through all the different databases' command line
clients. So far the focus has been on giving a common way to specify
login information (protocol, username, password, hostname, and port
number), size (database and table size), and running queries.
The database is addressed using a DBURL. If @emph{commands} are left out
you will get that database's interactive shell.
GNU @strong{sql} is often used in combination with GNU @strong{parallel}.
@table @asis
@item @emph{dburl}
@anchor{@emph{dburl}}
A DBURL has the following syntax:
[sql:]vendor://
[[user][:password]@@][host][:port]/[database][?sqlquery]
See the section DBURL below.
@item @emph{commands}
@anchor{@emph{commands}}
The SQL commands to run. Each argument will have a newline
appended.
Example: "SELECT * FROM foo;" "SELECT * FROM bar;"
If the arguments contain '\n' or '\x0a' this will be replaced with a
newline:
Example: "SELECT * FROM foo;\n SELECT * FROM bar;"
If no commands are given SQL is read from the keyboard or STDIN.
Example: echo 'SELECT * FROM foo;' | sql mysql:///
@item @strong{--db-size}
@anchor{@strong{--db-size}}
@item @strong{--dbsize}
@anchor{@strong{--dbsize}}
Size of database. Show the size of the database on disk. For Oracle
this requires access to read the table @emph{dba_data_files} - the user
@emph{system} has that.
@item @strong{--help}
@anchor{@strong{--help}}
@item @strong{-h}
@anchor{@strong{-h}}
Print a summary of the options to GNU @strong{sql} and exit.
@item @strong{--html}
@anchor{@strong{--html}}
HTML output. Turn on HTML tabular output.
@item @strong{--show-processlist}
@anchor{@strong{--show-processlist}}
@item @strong{--proclist}
@anchor{@strong{--proclist}}
@item @strong{--listproc}
@anchor{@strong{--listproc}}
Show the list of running queries.
@item @strong{--show-databases}
@anchor{@strong{--show-databases}}
@item @strong{--showdbs}
@anchor{@strong{--showdbs}}
@item @strong{--list-databases}
@anchor{@strong{--list-databases}}
@item @strong{--listdbs}
@anchor{@strong{--listdbs}}
List the databases (table spaces) in the database.
@item @strong{--show-tables}
@anchor{@strong{--show-tables}}
@item @strong{--list-tables}
@anchor{@strong{--list-tables}}
@item @strong{--table-list}
@anchor{@strong{--table-list}}
List the tables in the database.
@item @strong{--noheaders}
@anchor{@strong{--noheaders}}
@item @strong{--no-headers}
@anchor{@strong{--no-headers}}
@item @strong{-n}
@anchor{@strong{-n}}
Remove headers and footers and print only tuples. Bug in Oracle: it
still prints number of rows found.
@item @strong{-p} @emph{pass-through}
@anchor{@strong{-p} @emph{pass-through}}
The string following -p will be given to the database connection
program as arguments. Multiple -p's will be joined with
space. Example: pass '-U' and the user name to the program:
@emph{-p "-U scott"} can also be written @emph{-p -U -p scott}.
@item @strong{-r}
@anchor{@strong{-r}}
Try 3 times. Short version of @emph{--retries 3}.
@item @strong{--retries} @emph{ntimes}
@anchor{@strong{--retries} @emph{ntimes}}
Try @emph{ntimes} times. If the client program returns with an error,
retry the command. Default is @emph{--retries 1}.
@item @strong{--sep} @emph{string}
@anchor{@strong{--sep} @emph{string}}
@item @strong{-s} @emph{string}
@anchor{@strong{-s} @emph{string}}
Field separator. Use @emph{string} as separator between columns.
@item @strong{--skip-first-line}
@anchor{@strong{--skip-first-line}}
Do not use the first line of input (used by GNU @strong{sql} itself
when called with @strong{--shebang}).
@item @strong{--table-size}
@anchor{@strong{--table-size}}
@item @strong{--tablesize}
@anchor{@strong{--tablesize}}
Size of tables. Show the size of the tables in the database.
@item @strong{--verbose}
@anchor{@strong{--verbose}}
@item @strong{-v}
@anchor{@strong{-v}}
Print which command is sent.
@item @strong{--version}
@anchor{@strong{--version}}
@item @strong{-V}
@anchor{@strong{-V}}
Print the version GNU @strong{sql} and exit.
@item @strong{--shebang}
@anchor{@strong{--shebang}}
@item @strong{-Y}
@anchor{@strong{-Y}}
GNU @strong{sql} can be called as a shebang (#!) command as the first line of a script. Like this:
@verbatim
#!/usr/bin/sql -Y mysql:///
SELECT * FROM foo;
@end verbatim
For this to work @strong{--shebang} or @strong{-Y} must be set as the first option.
@end table
@node DBURL
@chapter DBURL
A DBURL has the following syntax:
[sql:]vendor://
[[user][:password]@@][host][:port]/[database][?sqlquery]
To quote special characters use %-encoding specified in
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.1 (E.g. a password
containing '/' would contain '%2F').
Examples:
mysql://scott:tiger@@my.example.com/mydb
sql:oracle://scott:tiger@@ora.example.com/xe
postgresql://scott:tiger@@pg.example.com/pgdb
pg:///
postgresqlssl://scott@@pg.example.com:3333/pgdb
sql:sqlite2:////tmp/db.sqlite?SELECT * FROM foo;
sqlite3:///../db.sqlite3?SELECT%20*%20FROM%20foo;
Currently supported vendors: MySQL (mysql), MySQL with SSL (mysqls,
mysqlssl), Oracle (oracle, ora), PostgreSQL (postgresql, pg, pgsql,
postgres), PostgreSQL with SSL (postgresqlssl, pgs, pgsqlssl,
postgresssl, pgssl, postgresqls, pgsqls, postgress), SQLite2 (sqlite,
sqlite2), SQLite3 (sqlite3).
Aliases must start with ':' and are read from
/etc/sql/aliases and ~/.sql/aliases. The user's own
~/.sql/aliases should only be readable by the user.
Example of aliases:
@verbatim
:myalias1 pg://scott:tiger@pg.example.com/pgdb
:myalias2 ora://scott:tiger@ora.example.com/xe
# Short form of mysql://`whoami`:nopassword@localhost:3306/`whoami`
:myalias3 mysql:///
# Short form of mysql://`whoami`:nopassword@localhost:33333/mydb
:myalias4 mysql://:33333/mydb
# Alias for an alias
:m :myalias4
# the sortest alias possible
: sqlite2:////tmp/db.sqlite
# Including an SQL query
:query sqlite:////tmp/db.sqlite?SELECT * FROM foo;
@end verbatim
@node EXAMPLES
@chapter EXAMPLES
@menu
* Get an interactive prompt::
* Run a query::
* Copy a PostgreSQL database::
* Empty all tables in a MySQL database::
* Drop all tables in a PostgreSQL database::
* Run as a script::
* Use --colsep to process multiple columns::
* Retry if the connection fails::
* Get info about the running database system::
@end menu
@node Get an interactive prompt
@section Get an interactive prompt
The most basic use of GNU @strong{sql} is to get an interactive prompt:
@strong{sql sql:oracle://scott:tiger@@ora.example.com/xe}
If you have setup an alias you can do:
@strong{sql :myora}
@node Run a query
@section Run a query
To run a query directly from the command line:
@strong{sql :myalias "SELECT * FROM foo;"}
Oracle requires newlines after each statement. This can be done like
this:
@strong{sql :myora "SELECT * FROM foo;" "SELECT * FROM bar;"}
Or this:
@strong{sql :myora "SELECT * FROM foo;\nSELECT * FROM bar;"}
@node Copy a PostgreSQL database
@section Copy a PostgreSQL database
To copy a PostgreSQL database use pg_dump to generate the dump and GNU
@strong{sql} to import it:
@strong{pg_dump pg_database | sql pg://scott:tiger@@pg.example.com/pgdb}
@node Empty all tables in a MySQL database
@section Empty all tables in a MySQL database
Using GNU @strong{parallel} it is easy to empty all tables without dropping them:
@strong{sql -n mysql:/// 'show tables' | parallel sql mysql:/// DELETE FROM @{@};}
@node Drop all tables in a PostgreSQL database
@section Drop all tables in a PostgreSQL database
To drop all tables in a PostgreSQL database do:
@strong{sql -n pg:/// '\dt' | parallel --colsep '\|' -r sql pg:/// DROP TABLE @{2@};}
@node Run as a script
@section Run as a script
Instead of doing:
@strong{sql mysql:/// < sqlfile}
you can combine the sqlfile with the DBURL to make a
UNIX-script. Create a script called @emph{demosql}:
@strong{#!/usr/bin/sql -Y mysql:///}
@strong{SELECT * FROM foo;}
Then do:
@strong{chmod +x demosql; ./demosql}
@node Use --colsep to process multiple columns
@section Use --colsep to process multiple columns
Use GNU @strong{parallel}'s @strong{--colsep} to separate columns:
@strong{sql -s '\t' :myalias 'SELECT * FROM foo;' | parallel --colsep '\t' do_stuff @{4@} @{1@}}
@node Retry if the connection fails
@section Retry if the connection fails
If the access to the database fails occasionally @strong{--retries} can help
make sure the query succeeds:
@strong{sql --retries 5 :myalias 'SELECT * FROM really_big_foo;'}
@node Get info about the running database system
@section Get info about the running database system
Show how big the database is:
@strong{sql --db-size :myalias}
List the tables:
@strong{sql --list-tables :myalias}
List the size of the tables:
@strong{sql --table-size :myalias}
List the running processes:
@strong{sql --show-processlist :myalias}
@node REPORTING BUGS
@chapter REPORTING BUGS
GNU @strong{sql} is part of GNU @strong{parallel}. Report bugs to <bug-parallel@@gnu.org>.
@node AUTHOR
@chapter AUTHOR
When using GNU @strong{sql} for a publication please cite:
O. Tange (2011): GNU SQL - A Command Line Tool for Accessing Different
Databases Using DBURLs, ;login: The USENIX Magazine, April 2011:29-32.
Copyright (C) 2008,2009,2010 Ole Tange http://ole.tange.dk
Copyright (C) 2010,2011 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk and Free
Software Foundation, Inc.
@node LICENSE
@chapter LICENSE
Copyright (C) 2007,2008,2009,2010,2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
at your option any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
@menu
* Documentation license I::
* Documentation license II::
@end menu
@node Documentation license I
@section Documentation license I
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this documentation
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the file fdl.txt.
@node Documentation license II
@section Documentation license II
You are free:
@table @asis
@item @strong{to Share}
@anchor{@strong{to Share}}
to copy, distribute and transmit the work
@item @strong{to Remix}
@anchor{@strong{to Remix}}
to adapt the work
@end table
Under the following conditions:
@table @asis
@item @strong{Attribution}
@anchor{@strong{Attribution}}
You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or
licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or
your use of the work).
@item @strong{Share Alike}
@anchor{@strong{Share Alike}}
If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute
the resulting work only under the same, similar or a compatible
license.
@end table
With the understanding that:
@table @asis
@item @strong{Waiver}
@anchor{@strong{Waiver}}
Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from
the copyright holder.
@item @strong{Public Domain}
@anchor{@strong{Public Domain}}
Where the work or any of its elements is in the public domain under
applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
@item @strong{Other Rights}
@anchor{@strong{Other Rights}}
In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license:
@itemize
@item Your fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable
copyright exceptions and limitations;
@item The author's moral rights;
@item Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in
how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights.
@end itemize
@item @strong{Notice}
@anchor{@strong{Notice}}
For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the
license terms of this work.
@end table
A copy of the full license is included in the file as cc-by-sa.txt.
@node DEPENDENCIES
@chapter DEPENDENCIES
GNU @strong{sql} uses Perl. If @strong{mysql} is installed, MySQL dburls will
work. If @strong{psql} is installed, PostgreSQL dburls will work. If
@strong{sqlite} is installed, SQLite2 dburls will work. If @strong{sqlite3} is
installed, SQLite3 dburls will work. If @strong{sqlplus} is installed,
Oracle dburls will work. If @strong{rlwrap} is installed, GNU @strong{sql} will
have a command history for Oracle.
@node FILES
@chapter FILES
~/.sql/aliases - user's own aliases with DBURLs
/etc/sql/aliases - common aliases with DBURLs
@node SEE ALSO
@chapter SEE ALSO
@strong{mysql}(1), @strong{psql}(1), @strong{rlwrap}(1), @strong{sqlite}(1), @strong{sqlite3}(1), @strong{sqlplus}(1)
@bye

2
testsuite/wanted-results/test61
View file

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
echo '### Test --return of weirdly named file' echo '### Test --return of weirdly named file'
### Test --return of weirdly named file ### Test --return of weirdly named file
stdout parallel --return {} -vv -S parallel\@parallel-server3 echo '>'{} ::: 'aa<${#}" b'; rm 'aa<${#}" b' stdout parallel --return {} -vv -S parallel\@parallel-server3 echo '>'{} ::: 'aa<${#}" b'; rm 'aa<${#}" b'
ssh -tt -oLogLevel=quiet parallel@parallel-server3 'eval `echo $SHELL | grep "/t\{0,1\}csh" > /dev/null && echo setenv PARALLEL_SEQ '$PARALLEL_SEQ'\; setenv PARALLEL_PID '$PARALLEL_PID' || echo PARALLEL_SEQ='$PARALLEL_SEQ'\;export PARALLEL_SEQ\; PARALLEL_PID='$PARALLEL_PID'\;export PARALLEL_PID` ;' tty\ \>/dev/null\ \&\&\ stty\ isig\ -onlcr\ -echo\;echo\ \>aa\\\<\\\$\\\{\\\#\\\}\\\"\\\ b;_EXIT_status=$?; mkdir -p ./.; rsync --rsync-path=cd\ ././.\;\ rsync -rlDzR -essh parallel@parallel-server3:./aa\\\<\\\$\\\{\\\#\\\}\\\"\\\ b ./.; exit $_EXIT_status; ssh -tt -oLogLevel=quiet parallel@parallel-server3 'eval `echo $SHELL | grep "/t\{0,1\}csh" > /dev/null && echo setenv PARALLEL_SEQ '$PARALLEL_SEQ'\; setenv PARALLEL_PID '$PARALLEL_PID' || echo PARALLEL_SEQ='$PARALLEL_SEQ'\;export PARALLEL_SEQ\; PARALLEL_PID='$PARALLEL_PID'\;export PARALLEL_PID` ;' tty\ \>/dev/null\ \&\&\ stty\ isig\ -onlcr\ -echo\;echo\ \>aa\\\<\\\$\\\{\\\#\\\}\\\"\\\ b;_EXIT_status=$?; mkdir -p ./.; rsync --protocol 30 --rsync-path=cd\ ././.\;\ rsync -rlDzR -essh parallel@parallel-server3:./aa\\\<\\\$\\\{\\\#\\\}\\\"\\\ b ./.; exit $_EXIT_status;
echo '### Test if remote login shell is csh' echo '### Test if remote login shell is csh'
### Test if remote login shell is csh ### Test if remote login shell is csh
stdout parallel -k -vv -S csh@localhost 'echo $PARALLEL_PID $PARALLEL_SEQ {}| wc -w' ::: a b c stdout parallel -k -vv -S csh@localhost 'echo $PARALLEL_PID $PARALLEL_SEQ {}| wc -w' ::: a b c