### test parallel_tutorial
  parallel -k echo ::: A B C > abc-file
  parallel -k echo ::: D E F > def-file
  perl -e 'printf "A\0B\0C\0"' > abc0-file
  perl -e 'printf "A_B_C_"' > abc_-file
  perl -e 'printf "f1\tf2\nA\tB\nC\tD\n"' > tsv-file.tsv
  perl -e 'for(1..8){print "$_\n"}' > num8
  perl -e 'for(1..128){print "$_\n"}' > num128
  perl -e 'for(1..30000){print "$_\n"}' > num30000
  perl -e 'for(1..1000000){print "$_\n"}' > num1000000
  (echo %head1; echo %head2; perl -e 'for(1..10){print "$_\n"}') > num_%header
sleep .3
sleep .3
sleep .3
sleep .3
sleep .3
sleep .3
sleep .3
sleep .3
sleep .3
sleep .3

  parallel echo ::: A B C
A
B
C
  parallel -a abc-file echo
A
B
C
  cat abc-file | parallel echo
A
B
C
  parallel echo ::: A B C ::: D E F
A D
A E
A F
B D
B E
B F
C D
C E
C F
  parallel -a abc-file -a def-file echo
A D
A E
A F
B D
B E
B F
C D
C E
C F
  cat abc-file | parallel -a - -a def-file echo
A D
A E
A F
B D
B E
B F
C D
C E
C F
  cat abc-file | parallel echo :::: - def-file
A D
A E
A F
B D
B E
B F
C D
C E
C F
  parallel echo ::: A B C :::: def-file
A D
A E
A F
B D
B E
B F
C D
C E
C F
  parallel --xapply echo ::: A B C ::: D E F
A D
B E
C F
  parallel --xapply echo ::: A B C D E ::: F G
A F
B G
C F
D G
E F
  parallel --arg-sep ,, echo ,, A B C :::: def-file
A D
A E
A F
B D
B E
B F
C D
C E
C F
  parallel --arg-file-sep // echo ::: A B C // def-file
A D
A E
A F
B D
B E
B F
C D
C E
C F
  parallel -d _ echo :::: abc_-file
A
B
C
  parallel -d '\0' echo :::: abc0-file
A
B
C
  parallel -E stop echo ::: A B stop C D
A
B
  (echo 1; echo; echo 2) | parallel --no-run-if-empty echo
9
9
  parallel ::: ls 'echo foo' pwd
abc-file
abc0-file
abc_-file
def-file
num1000000
num128
num30000
num8
num_%header
tsv-file.tsv
foo
/home/tange/privat/parallel/testsuite/tmp
  my_func() {
    echo in my_func $1
  }
  export -f my_func
  parallel my_func ::: 1 2 3
in my_func 1
in my_func 2
in my_func 3
  parallel echo ::: A/B.C
A/B.C
  parallel echo {} ::: A/B.C
A/B.C
  parallel echo {.} ::: A/B.C
A/B
  parallel echo {/} ::: A/B.C
B.C
  parallel echo {//} ::: A/B.C
A
  parallel echo {/.} ::: A/B.C
B
  parallel echo {#} ::: A B C
9
9
9
  parallel -j 2 echo {%} ::: A B C
9
9
9
  parallel -I ,, echo ,, ::: A/B.C
A/B.C
  parallel --extensionreplace ,, echo ,, ::: A/B.C
A/B
  parallel --basenamereplace ,, echo ,, ::: A/B.C
B.C
  parallel --dirnamereplace ,, echo ,, ::: A/B.C
A
  parallel --basenameextensionreplace ,, echo ,, ::: A/B.C
B
  parallel --seqreplace ,, echo ,, ::: A B C
9
9
9
  parallel -j2 --slotreplace ,, echo ,, ::: A B C
9
9
9
  parallel echo '{= s:\.[^.]+$::;s:\.[^.]+$::; =}' ::: foo.tar.gz
foo
  parallel echo Job {#} of {= '$_=total_jobs()' =} ::: {1..5}
Job 1 of 5
Job 2 of 5
Job 3 of 5
Job 4 of 5
Job 5 of 5
  parallel echo {} shell quoted is {= '$_=Q($_)' =} ::: '*/!#$'
*/!#$ shell quoted is \*/\!\#\$
  parallel echo {= 'if($_==3) { $job->skip() }' =} ::: {1..5}
9
9
9
9
  parallel echo {= 'if($arg[1]==$arg[2]) { $job->skip() }' =} ::: {1..3} ::: {1..3}
1 2
1 3
2 1
2 3
3 1
3 2
  parallel --parens ,,,, echo ',, s:\.[^.]+$::;s:\.[^.]+$::; ,,' ::: foo.tar.gz
foo
  parallel --rpl '.. s:\.[^.]+$::;s:\.[^.]+$::;' echo '..' ::: foo.tar.gz
foo
  parallel --rpl '{..} s:\.[^.]+$::;s:\.[^.]+$::;' echo '{..}' ::: foo.tar.gz
foo
  --rpl '{} '
  --rpl '{#} $_=$job->seq()'
  --rpl '{%} $_=$job->slot()'
  --rpl '{/} s:.*/::'
  --rpl '{//} $Global::use{"File::Basename"} ||= eval "use File::Basename; 1;"; $_ = dirname($_);'
  --rpl '{/.} s:.*/::; s:\.[^/.]+$::;'
  --rpl '{.} s:\.[^/.]+$::'
/bin/bash: --rpl: command not found
/bin/bash: line 1: --rpl: command not found
/bin/bash: line 2: --rpl: command not found
/bin/bash: line 3: --rpl: command not found
/bin/bash: line 4: --rpl: command not found
/bin/bash: line 5: --rpl: command not found
/bin/bash: line 6: --rpl: command not found
  parallel echo {1} and {2} ::: A B ::: C D
A and C
A and D
B and C
B and D
  parallel echo /={1/} //={1//} /.={1/.} .={1.} ::: A/B.C D/E.F
/=B.C //=A /.=B .=A/B
/=E.F //=D /.=E .=D/E
  parallel echo 1={1} 2={2} 3={3} -1={-1} -2={-2} -3={-3} ::: A B ::: C D ::: E F
1=A 2=C 3=E -1=E -2=C -3=A
1=A 2=C 3=F -1=F -2=C -3=A
1=A 2=D 3=E -1=E -2=D -3=A
1=A 2=D 3=F -1=F -2=D -3=A
1=B 2=C 3=E -1=E -2=C -3=B
1=B 2=C 3=F -1=F -2=C -3=B
1=B 2=D 3=E -1=E -2=D -3=B
1=B 2=D 3=F -1=F -2=D -3=B
  parallel echo '{=2 s:\.[^.]+$::;s:\.[^.]+$::; =} {1}' ::: bar ::: foo.tar.gz
foo bar
  parallel --rpl '{..} s:\.[^.]+$::;s:\.[^.]+$::;' echo '{2..} {1}' ::: bar ::: foo.tar.gz
foo bar
  parallel --colsep '\t' echo 1={1} 2={2} :::: tsv-file.tsv
1=f1 2=f2
1=A 2=B
1=C 2=D
  parallel --header : echo f1={f1} f2={f2} ::: f1 A B ::: f2 C D
f1=A f2=C
f1=A f2=D
f1=B f2=C
f1=B f2=D
  parallel --header : --colsep '\t' echo f1={f1} f2={f2} :::: tsv-file.tsv
f1=A f2=B
f1=C f2=D
  parallel --plus echo {} ::: dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
  parallel --plus echo {+/}/{/} ::: dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
  parallel --plus echo {.}.{+.} ::: dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
  parallel --plus echo {+/}/{/.}.{+.} ::: dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
  parallel --plus echo {..}.{+..} ::: dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
  parallel --plus echo {+/}/{/..}.{+..} ::: dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
  parallel --plus echo {...}.{+...} ::: dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
  parallel --plus echo {+/}/{/...}.{+...} ::: dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
dir/sub/file.ext1.ext2.ext3
  parallel --plus echo Job {#} of {##} ::: {1..5}
Job 1 of 5
Job 2 of 5
Job 3 of 5
Job 4 of 5
Job 5 of 5
  cat num30000 | parallel --xargs echo | wc -l
9
  cat num30000 | parallel --xargs -s 10000 echo | wc -l
99
  cat num30000 | parallel --jobs 4 -m echo | wc -l
9
  parallel --jobs 4 -m echo ::: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
99
  parallel --jobs 4 -X echo pre-{}-post ::: A B C D E F G
pre-A-post pre-B-post
pre-C-post pre-D-post
pre-E-post pre-F-post
pre-G-post
  parallel -N3 echo ::: A B C D E F G H
A B C
D E F
G H
  parallel -N3 echo 1={1} 2={2} 3={3} ::: A B C D E F G H
1=A 2=B 3=C
1=D 2=E 3=F
1=G 2=H 3=
  parallel -N0 echo foo ::: 1 2 3
foo
foo
foo
  perl -e 'print "@ARGV\n"' A
A
  parallel perl -e 'print "@ARGV\n"' ::: This wont work

  parallel: Warning: Input is read from the terminal. Only experts do this on purpose. Press CTRL-D to exit.
  perl -e 'print "@ARGV\n"'
  [CTRL-D]

/bin/bash: line 1: parallel:: command not found
/bin/bash: line 3: [CTRL-D]: command not found

  parallel --trim r echo pre-{}-post ::: ' A '
pre- A-post
  parallel --trim l echo pre-{}-post ::: ' A '
pre-A -post
  parallel --trim lr echo pre-{}-post ::: ' A '
pre-A-post
  parallel --tag echo foo-{} ::: A B C
A	foo-A
B	foo-B
C	foo-C
  parallel --tagstring {}-bar echo foo-{} ::: A B C
A-bar	foo-A
B-bar	foo-B
C-bar	foo-C
  parallel --dryrun echo {} ::: A B C
echo A
echo B
echo C
  parallel --verbose echo {} ::: A B C
A
B
C
echo A
echo B
echo C
  parallel -j2 'printf "%s-start\n%s" {} {};sleep {};printf "%s\n" -middle;echo {}-end' ::: 4 2 1
4-start
2-start
2-middle
2-end
1-start
1-middle
1-end
  parallel -j2 --ungroup 'printf "%s-start\n%s" {} {};sleep {};printf "%s\n" -middle;echo {}-end' ::: 4 2 1
4-start
42-start
2-middle
2-end
1-start
1-middle
1-end
-middle
  parallel -j2 --linebuffer 'printf "%s-start\n%s" {} {};sleep {};printf "%s\n" -middle;echo {}-end' ::: 4 2 1
4-start
2-start
2-middle
2-end
1-start
1-middle
1-end
  parallel -j2 -k 'printf "%s-start\n%s" {} {};sleep {};printf "%s\n" -middle;echo {}-end' ::: 4 2 1
4-start
2-start
2-middle
2-end
1-start
1-middle
1-end
  parallel --files echo ::: A B C
/tmp/parallel-tutorial-tmpdir/parXXXXX.par
/tmp/parallel-tutorial-tmpdir/parXXXXX.par
/tmp/parallel-tutorial-tmpdir/parXXXXX.par
  parallel --tmpdir /var/tmp --files echo ::: A B C
/var/tmp/parXXXXX.par
/var/tmp/parXXXXX.par
/var/tmp/parXXXXX.par
  parallel --results outdir echo ::: A B C
A
B
C
  outdir/1/A/seq
  outdir/1/A/stderr
  outdir/1/A/stdout
  outdir/1/B/seq
  outdir/1/B/stderr
  outdir/1/B/stdout
  outdir/1/C/seq
  outdir/1/C/stderr
  outdir/1/C/stdout
/bin/bash: outdir/1/A/seq: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 1: outdir/1/A/stderr: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 2: outdir/1/A/stdout: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 3: outdir/1/B/seq: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 4: outdir/1/B/stderr: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 5: outdir/1/B/stdout: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 6: outdir/1/C/seq: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 7: outdir/1/C/stderr: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 8: outdir/1/C/stdout: No such file or directory
  parallel --header : --results outdir echo ::: f1 A B ::: f2 C D
A C
A D
B C
B D
  outdir/f1/A/f2/C/seq
  outdir/f1/A/f2/C/stderr
  outdir/f1/A/f2/C/stdout
  outdir/f1/A/f2/D/seq
  outdir/f1/A/f2/D/stderr
  outdir/f1/A/f2/D/stdout
  outdir/f1/B/f2/C/seq
  outdir/f1/B/f2/C/stderr
  outdir/f1/B/f2/C/stdout
  outdir/f1/B/f2/D/seq
  outdir/f1/B/f2/D/stderr
  outdir/f1/B/f2/D/stdout
/bin/bash: outdir/f1/A/f2/C/seq: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 1: outdir/f1/A/f2/C/stderr: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 2: outdir/f1/A/f2/C/stdout: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 3: outdir/f1/A/f2/D/seq: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 4: outdir/f1/A/f2/D/stderr: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 5: outdir/f1/A/f2/D/stdout: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 6: outdir/f1/B/f2/C/seq: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 7: outdir/f1/B/f2/C/stderr: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 8: outdir/f1/B/f2/C/stdout: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 9: outdir/f1/B/f2/D/seq: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 10: outdir/f1/B/f2/D/stderr: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 11: outdir/f1/B/f2/D/stdout: No such file or directory
  /usr/bin/time -f %e parallel -N0 -j64 sleep 1 :::: num128
9
  /usr/bin/time -f %e parallel -N0 sleep 1 :::: num128
99
  /usr/bin/time -f %e parallel -N0 --jobs 200% sleep 1 :::: num128
9
  /usr/bin/time -f %e parallel -N0 --jobs 0 sleep 1 :::: num128
9
  echo 50% > my_jobs
  /usr/bin/time -f %e parallel -N0 --jobs my_jobs sleep 1 :::: num128 &
  sleep 1
  echo 0 > my_jobs
  wait
9
  parallel --use-cpus-instead-of-cores -N0 sleep 1 :::: num8
  parallel --shuf echo ::: 1 2 3 ::: a b c ::: A B C
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC
123 abc ABC

  seq 10 20 | parallel --tmux 'echo start {}; sleep {}; echo done {}'
See output with: tmux -S /tmp/parallel-tutorial-tmpdir/tmsXXXXX attach
  tmux -S /tmp/tmsXXXXX attach
no sessions
  parallel --delay 2.5 echo Starting {}\;date ::: 1 2 3
Starting 1
DATE OUTPUT
Starting 2
DATE OUTPUT
Starting 3
DATE OUTPUT
  parallel --timeout 4.1 sleep {}\; echo {} ::: 2 4 6 8
9
9
  parallel --timeout 200% sleep {}\; echo {} ::: 2.1 2.2 3 7 2.3
9
9
9
9
  parallel --eta sleep ::: 1 3 2 2 1 3 3 2 1

Computers / CPU cores / Max jobs to run
1:local / 8 / 8

Computer:jobs running/jobs completed/%of started jobs/Average seconds to complete

  parallel --progress sleep ::: 1 3 2 2 1 3 3 2 1

Computers / CPU cores / Max jobs to run
1:local / 8 / 8

Computer:jobs running/jobs completed/%of started jobs/Average seconds to complete

  seq 1000 | parallel -j10 --bar '(echo -n {};sleep 0.1)' 2> >(zenity --timeout=15 --progress --auto-kill --auto-close)
BASE64  parallel --joblog /tmp/log exit  ::: 1 2 3 0
  cat /tmp/log;
  parallel --joblog /tmp/log exit  ::: 1 2 3 0
  cat /tmp/log;  parallel --resume --joblog /tmp/log exit  ::: 1 2 3 0 0 0
  cat /tmp/log;
  parallel --resume-failed --joblog /tmp/log exit  ::: 1 2 3 0 0 0
  cat /tmp/log;
  parallel --resume-failed --joblog /tmp/log
  cat /tmp/log;
  parallel -j2 --halt soon,fail=1 echo {}\; exit {} ::: 0 0 1 2 3
Seq	Host	Starttime	JobRuntime	Send	Receive	Exitval	Signal	Command
1	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	1	0	exit 1
2	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	2	0	exit 2
3	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	3	0	exit 3
4	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	0	0	exit 0
Seq	Host	Starttime	JobRuntime	Send	Receive	Exitval	Signal	Command
1	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	1	0	exit 1
2	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	2	0	exit 2
3	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	3	0	exit 3
4	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	0	0	exit 0
Seq	Host	Starttime	JobRuntime	Send	Receive	Exitval	Signal	Command
1	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	1	0	exit 1
2	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	2	0	exit 2
3	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	3	0	exit 3
4	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	0	0	exit 0
5	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	0	0	exit 0
6	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	0	0	exit 0
Seq	Host	Starttime	JobRuntime	Send	Receive	Exitval	Signal	Command
1	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	1	0	exit 1
2	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	2	0	exit 2
3	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	3	0	exit 3
4	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	0	0	exit 0
5	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	0	0	exit 0
6	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	0	0	exit 0
1	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	1	0	exit 1
2	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	2	0	exit 2
3	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	3	0	exit 3
Seq	Host	Starttime	JobRuntime	Send	Receive	Exitval	Signal	Command
1	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	1	0	exit 1
2	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	2	0	exit 2
3	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	3	0	exit 3
4	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	0	0	exit 0
5	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	0	0	exit 0
6	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	0	0	exit 0
1	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	1	0	exit 1
2	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	2	0	exit 2
3	:	TIMESTAMP	9.999	0	0	3	0	exit 3
9
9
9
9
parallel: This job failed:
echo X; exit X
parallel: Starting no more jobs. Waiting for 1 jobs to finish.
parallel: This job failed:
echo X; exit X
  parallel -j2 --halt now,fail=1 echo {}\; exit {} ::: 0 0 1 2 3
9
9
9
parallel: This job failed:
echo X; exit X
  parallel -j2 --halt soon,fail=20% echo {}\; exit {} ::: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9
9
9
9
parallel: This job failed:
echo X; exit X
parallel: This job failed:
echo X; exit X
parallel: Starting no more jobs. Waiting for 1 jobs to finish.
parallel: This job failed:
echo X; exit X
  parallel -j2 --halt now,success=1 echo {}\; exit {} ::: 1 2 3 0 4 5 6
9
9
9
9
parallel: This job succeeded:
echo X; exit X
  parallel -k --retries 3 'echo tried {} >>/tmp/runs; echo completed {}; exit {}' ::: 1 2 0
  cat /tmp/runs
completed 1
completed 2
completed 0
tried 1
tried 0
tried 1
tried 1
  show_signals() {
    perl -e 'for(keys %SIG) { $SIG{$_} = eval "sub { print \"Got $_\\n\"; }";} while(1){sleep 1}'
  }
  export -f show_signals
  echo | parallel --termseq TERM,200,TERM,100,TERM,50,KILL,25 -u --timeout 1 show_signals
  echo | parallel --termseq INT,200,TERM,100,KILL,25 -u --timeout 1 show_signals
/bin/bash: show_signals: command not found
  parallel --load 100% echo load is less than {} job per cpu ::: 1
load is less than 1 job per cpu
  parallel --noswap echo the system is not swapping ::: now
the system is not swapping now
  parallel --memfree 1G echo will run if more than 1 GB is ::: free
will run if more than 1 GB is free
  parallel --nice 17 echo this is being run with nice -n ::: 17
this is being run with nice -n 17
  parallel -S $SERVER1 echo running on ::: $SERVER1
running on parallel@lo
  parallel -S $SERVER1 echo running on ::: username@$SERVER1
running on username@parallel@lo
  parallel -S : echo running on ::: the_local_machine
running on the_local_machine
  parallel -S '/usr/bin/ssh '$SERVER1 echo custom ::: ssh
custom ssh
  parallel --ssh /usr/bin/ssh -S $SERVER1 echo custom ::: ssh
custom ssh
  export PARALLEL_SSH=/usr/bin/ssh
  parallel -S $SERVER1 echo custom ::: ssh
custom ssh
  parallel -S $SERVER1 -S $SERVER2 echo ::: running on more hosts
running
on
more
hosts
  echo $SERVER1 > nodefile
  # Force 4 cores, special ssh-command, username
  echo 4//usr/bin/ssh $SERVER2 >> nodefile
  parallel --sshloginfile nodefile echo ::: running on more hosts
running
on
more
hosts
  parallel -S 4/$SERVER1 echo force {} cpus on server ::: 4
force 4 cpus on server
  parallel --hostgroup -S @grp1/$SERVER1 -S @grp2/$SERVER2 echo {} ::: \
    run_on_grp1@grp1 run_on_grp2@grp2
run_on_grp1
run_on_grp2
  echo This is input_file > input_file
  parallel -S $SERVER1 --transferfile {} cat ::: input_file
This is input_file
  echo This is input_file > input_file
  parallel -S $SERVER1 --transferfile {} --return {}.out cat {} ">"{}.out ::: input_file
  cat input_file.out
This is input_file
  echo This is input_file > input_file
  parallel -S $SERVER1 --transferfile {} --return {}.out --cleanup cat {} ">"{}.out ::: input_file
  cat input_file.out
This is input_file
  echo This is input_file > input_file
  parallel -S $SERVER1 --trc {}.out cat {} ">"{}.out ::: input_file
  cat input_file.out
This is input_file
  echo common data > common_file
  parallel --basefile common_file -S $SERVER1 cat common_file\; echo {} ::: foo
common data
foo
  parallel -S $SERVER1 pwd ::: ""
  parallel --workdir . -S $SERVER1 pwd ::: ""
  parallel --workdir ... -S $SERVER1 pwd ::: ""
/home/parallel
/home/parallel/privat/parallel/testsuite/tmp
/home/parallel/.TMPWORKDIR
  parallel -S $SERVER1 --sshdelay 0.2 echo ::: 1 2 3
9
9
9
  parallel --controlmaster -S $SERVER1 echo ::: 1 2 3
9
9
9
  parallel --filter-hosts -S 173.194.32.46,$SERVER1 echo ::: bar
bar
parallel: Warning: Removed 173.194.32.46.
  parallel --onall -S $SERVER1,$SERVER2 echo ::: foo bar
foo
bar
foo
bar
  parallel --nonall --tag -S $SERVER1,$SERVER2 echo foo bar
csh@lo	foo bar
parallel@lo	foo bar
  source `which env_parallel.bash`
  alias myecho=echo
  myvar="Joe's var is"
  env_parallel -S $SERVER1 'myecho $myvar' ::: green
Unknown option: -S
Unknown option: parallel@lo
Unknown option: myecho $myvar
Unknown option: :::
Unknown option: green
env_parallel only works if it is a function. Do the below and restart your shell.

bash:  Put this in /home/tange/.bashrc:  . /usr/local/bin/env_parallel.bash
       E.g. by doing:  echo '. /usr/local/bin/env_parallel.bash' >> /home/tange/.bashrc
       Supports: aliases, functions, variables, arrays

zsh:   Put this in /home/tange/.zshrc:  . /usr/local/bin/env_parallel.zsh
       E.g. by doing:  echo '. /usr/local/bin/env_parallel.zsh' >> /home/tange/.zshenv
       Supports: functions, variables, arrays

fish:  Put this in /home/tange/.config/fish/config.fish:
         . (which env_parallel.fish)
       E.g. by doing:
         echo '. (which env_parallel.fish)' >> /home/tange/.config/fish/config.fish
       Supports: aliases, functions, variables, arrays

ksh:   Put this in /home/tange/.kshrc:  source /usr/local/bin/env_parallel.ksh
       E.g. by doing:  echo 'source /usr/local/bin/env_parallel.ksh' >> /home/tange/.kshrc
       Supports: aliases, functions, variables, arrays

pdksh: Put this in /home/tange/.profile:  source /usr/local/bin/env_parallel.pdksh
       E.g. by doing:  echo '. /usr/local/bin/env_parallel.pdksh' >> /home/tange/.profile
       Supports: aliases, functions, variables, arrays

csh:   Put this in /home/tange/.cshrc:  source /usr/local/bin/env_parallel.csh
       E.g. by doing:  echo 'source /usr/local/bin/env_parallel.csh' >> /home/tange/.cshrc
       Supports: aliases, variables, arrays with no special chars

tcsh:  Put this in /home/tange/.tcshrc:  source /usr/local/bin/env_parallel.tcsh
       E.g. by doing:  echo 'source /usr/local/bin/env_parallel.tcsh' >> /home/tange/.tcshrc
       Supports: aliases, variables, arrays with no special chars

To install in all shells run:

  env_parallel --install

For details: see  man env_parallel

  MYVAR='foo bar'
  export MYVAR
  parallel --env MYVAR -S $SERVER1 echo '$MYVAR' ::: baz
foo bar baz
  my_func() {
    echo in my_func $1
  }
  export -f my_func
  parallel --env my_func -S $SERVER1 my_func ::: baz
in my_func baz
  parallel --record-env
  cat ~/.parallel/ignored_vars|sort
BASH_FUNC_run_test%%
CLUTTER_IM_MODULE
COLORFGBG
DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS
DEBEMAIL
DEBFULLNAME
DEFAULTS_PATH
DESKTOP_SESSION
DISPLAY
DM_CONTROL
GLADE_CATALOG_PATH
GLADE_MODULE_PATH
GLADE_PIXMAP_PATH
GNOME_KEYRING_CONTROL
GNOME_KEYRING_PID
GPG_AGENT_INFO
GTK_IM_MODULE
HISTCONTROL
HOME
IM_CONFIG_PHASE
INSTANCE
JAVA_HOME
JDK_HOME
JOB
KONSOLE_DBUS_SERVICE
KONSOLE_DBUS_SESSION
KONSOLE_DBUS_WINDOW
KONSOLE_PROFILE_NAME
LANG
LANGUAGE
LESS
LESSCLOSE
LESSOPEN
LOGNAME
LS_COLORS
MAKEFLAGS
MAKELEVEL
MANDATORY_PATH
MFLAGS
MOZ_NO_REMOTE
ORACLE_HOME
ORACLE_SID
PARALLEL
PARALLEL_PID
PARALLEL_SEQ
PARALLEL_TMP
PATH
PERL_MB_OPT
PERL_MM_OPT
PROFILEHOME
PWD
QT4_IM_MODULE
QT_IM_MODULE
SELINUX_INIT
SERVER1
SERVER2
SESSION
SESSIONTYPE
SESSION_MANAGER
SHELL
SHELL_SESSION_ID
SHLVL
SSH_AGENT_PID
SSH_AUTH_SOCK
TERM
TEXTDOMAIN
TEXTDOMAINDIR
TIMEOUT
TMPDIR
TRIES
UPSTART_EVENTS
UPSTART_INSTANCE
UPSTART_JOB
UPSTART_SESSION
USER
VISUAL
WINDOWID
WINDOWPATH
XDG_CONFIG_DIRS
XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP
XDG_DATA_DIRS
XDG_MENU_PREFIX
XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
XDG_SEAT
XDG_SESSION_ID
XDG_VTNR
XDM_MANAGED
XMODIFIERS
_
  # The function is only copied if using Bash
  my_func2() {
    echo in my_func2 $VAR $1
  }
  export -f my_func2
  VAR=foo
  export VAR
  parallel --env _ -S $SERVER1 'echo $VAR; my_func2' ::: bar

/bin/bash: my_func2: command not found
  parallel -vv --pipepart --block 1M wc :::: num30000
<num30000 perl -e 'while(@ARGV) { sysseek(STDIN,shift,0) || die; $left = shift; while($read = sysread(STDIN,$buf, ($left > 131072 ? 131072 : $left))){ $left -= $read; syswrite(STDOUT,$buf); } }'  0 0 0 168894 | (wc)
  30000   30000  168894
  my_func3() {
    echo in my_func $1 > $1.out
  }
  export -f my_func3
  parallel -vv --workdir ... --nice 17 --env _ --trc {}.out -S $SERVER1 my_func3 {} ::: abc-file
( ssh -l parallel lo -- mkdir -p ./.TMPWORKDIR;rsync --protocol 30 -rlDzR -essh\ -l\ parallel ./abc-file lo:./.TMPWORKDIR );ssh -l parallel lo -- exec perl -e @GNU_Parallel\\\=\\\(\\\"use\\\",\\\"IPC::Open3\\\;\\\",\\\"use\\\",\\\"MIME::Base64\\\"\\\)\\\;eval\\\"@GNU_Parallel\\\"\\\;\\\$SIG\\\{CHLD\\\}\\\=\\\"IGNORE\\\"\\\;my\\\$zip\\\=\\\(grep\\\{-x\\\$_\\\}\\\"/usr/local/bin/bzip2\\\"\\\)\\\[0\\\]\\\|\\\|\\\"bzip2\\\"\\\;my\\\(\\\$in,\\\$out,\\\$eval\\\)\\\;open3\\\(\\\$in,\\\$out,\\\"\\\>\\\&STDERR\\\",\\\$zip,\\\"-dc\\\"\\\)\\\;if\\\(my\\\$perlpid\\\=fork\\\)\\\{close\\\$in\\\;\\\$eval\\\=join\\\"\\\",\\\<\\\$out\\\>\\\;close\\\$out\\\;\\\}else\\\{close\\\$out\\\;print\\\$in\\\(decode_base64\\\(join\\\"\\\",@ARGV\\\)\\\)\\\;close\\\$in\\\;exit\\\;\\\}wait\\\;eval\\\$eval\\\; BASE64;_EXIT_status=$?; mkdir -p ./.; rsync --protocol 30 --rsync-path=cd\ ./.TMPWORKDIR/./.\;\ rsync -rlDzR -essh\ -l\ parallel lo:./abc-file.out ./.;ssh -l parallel lo -- \(rm\ -f\ ./.TMPWORKDIR/abc-file\;\ sh\ -c\ rmdir\\\ ./.TMPWORKDIR/\\\ ./.parallel/tmp/\\\ ./.parallel/\\\ 2\\\>/dev/null\\\;rm\\\ -rf\\\ ./.TMPWORKDIR\\\;\);ssh -l parallel lo -- \(rm\ -f\ ./.TMPWORKDIR/abc-file.out\;\ sh\ -c\ rmdir\\\ ./.TMPWORKDIR/\\\ ./.parallel/tmp/\\\ ./.parallel/\\\ 2\\\>/dev/null\\\;rm\\\ -rf\\\ ./.TMPWORKDIR\\\;\);ssh -l parallel lo -- rm -rf .TMPWORKDIR; exit $_EXIT_status;
  parallel --sqlandworker csv:////%2Ftmp%2Flog.csv seq ::: 10 ::: 12 13 14
  cat /tmp/log.csv
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
Seq,Host,Starttime,JobRuntime,Send,Receive,Exitval,_Signal,Command,V1,V2,Stdout,Stderr
1,:,000000000.000,0.000,0,9,0,0,"seq 10 12",10,12,"10
99
99
",
2,:,000000000.000,0.000,0,12,0,0,"seq 10 13",10,13,"10
99
99
99
",
3,:,000000000.000,0.000,0,15,0,0,"seq 10 14",10,14,"10
99
99
99
99
",
  parallel --results outdir --sqlandworker csv:////%2Ftmp%2Flog2.csv seq ::: 10 ::: 12 13 14
  cat /tmp/log2.csv
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
Seq,Host,Starttime,JobRuntime,Send,Receive,Exitval,_Signal,Command,V1,V2,Stdout,Stderr
1,:,000000000.000,0.000,0,9,0,0,"seq 10 12",10,12,outdir/1/10/2/12/stdout,outdir/1/10/2/12/stderr
2,:,000000000.000,0.000,0,12,0,0,"seq 10 13",10,13,outdir/1/10/2/13/stdout,outdir/1/10/2/13/stderr
3,:,000000000.000,0.000,0,15,0,0,"seq 10 14",10,14,outdir/1/10/2/14/stdout,outdir/1/10/2/14/stderr
  vendor://[[user][:password]@][host][:port]/[database[/table]
/bin/bash: vendor://[[user][:password]@][host][:port]/[database[/table]: No such file or directory
  sqlite3:///%2Ftmp%2Fmydatabase/mytable
  csv:////%2Ftmp%2Flog.csv
/bin/bash: sqlite3:///%2Ftmp%2Fmydatabase/mytable: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: line 1: csv:////%2Ftmp%2Flog.csv: No such file or directory
  DBURL=sqlite3:///%2Ftmp%2Fmydatabase
  DBURLTABLE=$DBURL/mytable
  parallel --sqlandworker $DBURLTABLE echo ::: foo bar ::: baz quuz
foo baz
foo quuz
bar baz
bar quuz
  sql $DBURL 'SELECT * FROM mytable ORDER BY Seq;'
Error:
SELECT * FROM mytable ORDER BY Seq; is not a valid DBURL

sql [-hnr] [--table-size] [--db-size] [-p pass-through] [-s string] dburl [command]
  parallel --sqlmaster $DBURLTABLE echo ::: foo bar ::: baz quuz
parallel: Error: echo is not a valid DBURL
  parallel --sqlworker $DBURLTABLE echo ::: foo bar ::: baz quuz
parallel: Error: echo is not a valid DBURL
  cat num1000000 | parallel --pipe wc
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
  85352   85352  597465
  cat num1000000 | parallel --pipe --block 2M wc
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
  85349   85349  597444
  cat num1000000 | parallel --pipe -j4 --round-robin wc
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
  cat num1000000 | parallel --pipe -N140000 wc
 140000  140000  868895
 140000  140000  980000
 140000  140000  980000
 140000  140000  980000
 140000  140000  980000
 140000  140000  980000
 140000  140000  980000
  20000   20000  140001
  cat num1000000 | parallel --pipe -L75 wc
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
  85500   85500  598500
     25      25     176
  echo /foo, bar/, /baz, qux/, | parallel -kN1 --recend ', ' --pipe echo JOB{#}\;cat\;echo END
JOB1
/foo, END
JOB2
bar/, END
JOB3
/baz, END
JOB4
qux/,
END
  echo /foo, bar/, /baz, qux/, | parallel -kN1 --recstart / --pipe echo JOB{#}\;cat\;echo END
JOB1
/foo, barEND
JOB2
/, END
JOB3
/baz, quxEND
JOB4
/,
END
  echo /foo, bar/, /baz, qux/, | parallel -kN1 --recend ', ' --recstart / --pipe echo JOB{#}\;cat\;echo END
JOB1
/foo, bar/, END
JOB2
/baz, qux/,
END
  echo foo,bar,_baz,__qux, | parallel -kN1 --regexp --recend ,_+ --pipe echo JOB{#}\;cat\;echo END
JOB1
foo,bar,_END
JOB2
baz,__END
JOB3
qux,
END
  echo foo,bar,_baz,__qux, | parallel -kN1 --rrs --regexp --recend ,_+ --pipe echo JOB{#}\;cat\;echo END
JOB1
foo,barEND
JOB2
bazEND
JOB3
qux,
END
  cat num_%header | parallel --header '(%.*\n)*' --pipe -N3 echo JOB{#}\;cat
JOB1
%head1
%head2
9
9
9
JOB2
%head1
%head2
9
9
9
JOB3
%head1
%head2
9
9
9
JOB4
%head1
%head2
99
  cat num_%header | parallel --header 2 --pipe -N3 echo JOB{#}\;cat
JOB1
%head1
%head2
9
9
9
JOB2
%head1
%head2
9
9
9
JOB3
%head1
%head2
9
9
9
JOB4
%head1
%head2
99
  parallel --pipepart -a num1000000 --block 3m wc
 999999  999999 9999999
 999999  999999 9999999
 126984  126984  888889
  cat input_file | parallel command
/bin/bash: This is input_file: command not found
  #!/bin/bash
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang -r echo
  foo
  bar
  baz
/bin/bash: foo: command not found
/bin/bash: line 1: bar: command not found
/bin/bash: line 2: baz: command not found
  cat input_file | parallel command
  parallel command ::: foo bar
/bin/bash: This is input_file: command not found
/bin/bash: foo: command not found
/bin/bash: bar: command not found
  cat input_file | command
  command foo bar
/bin/bash: line 1: foo: command not found
  #!/usr/bin/perl
  print "@ARGV\n"
Warning: unknown mime-type for "@ARGV\n" -- using "application/octet-stream"
Error: no such file "@ARGV\n"
  parallel perl_echo ::: foo bar
/bin/bash: perl_echo: command not found
/bin/bash: perl_echo: command not found
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap /usr/bin/perl
  print "@ARGV\n"
Warning: unknown mime-type for "@ARGV\n" -- using "application/octet-stream"
Error: no such file "@ARGV\n"
  perl_echo foo bar
/bin/bash: perl_echo: command not found
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap /usr/bin/perl
  
  print "Arguments @ARGV\n";
Warning: unknown mime-type for "Arguments @ARGV\n" -- using "application/octet-stream"
Error: no such file "Arguments @ARGV\n"
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap /usr/bin/python
  
  
  print 'Arguments', str(sys.argv)
/bin/bash: -c: line 3: syntax error near unexpected token `('
/bin/bash: -c: line 3: `  print 'Arguments', str(sys.argv)'
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap /bin/bash
  
  echo Arguments "$@"
Arguments
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap /bin/csh
  
  echo Arguments "$argv"
Arguments 
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap /usr/bin/tclsh
  
  puts "Arguments $argv"
/bin/bash: line 2: puts: command not found
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap /usr/bin/Rscript --vanilla --slave
  
  args <- commandArgs(trailingOnly = TRUE)
  print(paste("Arguments ",args))
/bin/bash: -c: line 2: syntax error near unexpected token `('
/bin/bash: -c: line 2: `  args <- commandArgs(trailingOnly = TRUE)'
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap ARG={} /usr/bin/gnuplot
  
  print "Arguments ", system('echo $ARG')
/bin/bash: -c: line 2: syntax error near unexpected token `('
/bin/bash: -c: line 2: `  print "Arguments ", system('echo $ARG')'
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap /usr/bin/ruby
  
  print "Arguments "
  puts ARGV
Warning: unknown mime-type for "Arguments " -- using "application/octet-stream"
Error: no such file "Arguments "
/bin/bash: line 3: puts: command not found
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap /usr/bin/octave
  
  printf ("Arguments");
  arg_list = argv ();
  for i = 1:nargin
    printf (" %s", arg_list{i});
  endfor
  printf ("\n");
/bin/bash: -c: line 2: syntax error near unexpected token `"Arguments"'
/bin/bash: -c: line 2: `  printf ("Arguments");'
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap /usr/bin/clisp
  
  (format t "~&~S~&" 'Arguments)
  (format t "~&~S~&" *args*)
/bin/bash: -c: line 2: unexpected EOF while looking for matching `''
/bin/bash: -c: line 4: syntax error: unexpected end of file
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap /usr/bin/php
  <?php
  echo "Arguments";
  foreach(array_slice($argv,1) as $v)
  {
    echo " $v";
  }
  echo "\n";
  ?>
Arguments
/bin/bash: line 1: ?php: No such file or directory
/bin/bash: -c: line 3: syntax error near unexpected token `array_slice'
/bin/bash: -c: line 3: `  foreach(array_slice($argv,1) as $v)'
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap /usr/bin/node
  var myArgs = process.argv.slice(2);
  console.log('Arguments ', myArgs);
/bin/bash: -c: line 0: syntax error near unexpected token `('
/bin/bash: -c: line 0: `  var myArgs = process.argv.slice(2);'
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap /usr/bin/lua
  
  io.write "Arguments"
  for a = 1, #arg do
    io.write(" ")
    io.write(arg[a])
  end
  print("")
/bin/bash: line 2: io.write: command not found
/bin/bash: -c: line 3: syntax error near unexpected token `='
/bin/bash: -c: line 3: `  for a = 1, #arg do'
  #!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang-wrap ARGV={} /usr/bin/csharp
  
  var argv = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("ARGV");
  print("Arguments "+argv);
/bin/bash: -c: line 2: syntax error near unexpected token `('
/bin/bash: -c: line 2: `  var argv = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("ARGV");'
  sem 'sleep 1; echo The first finished' &&
    echo The first is now running in the background &&
    sem 'sleep 1; echo The second finished' &&
    echo The second is now running in the background
  sem --wait
The first is now running in the background
The first finished
The second is now running in the background
  sem --fg 'sleep 1; echo The first finished' &&
    echo The first finished running in the foreground &&
    sem --fg 'sleep 1; echo The second finished' &&
    echo The second finished running in the foreground
  sem --wait
The first finished
The first finished running in the foreground
The second finished running in the foreground
  sem --id my_id -u 'echo First started; sleep 10; echo The first finished'
First started
The first finished
  sem --id my_id -u 'echo Second started; sleep 10; echo The second finished'
  sem --jobs 3 --id my_id -u 'echo First started; sleep 5; echo The first finished' &&
  sem --jobs 3 --id my_id -u 'echo Second started; sleep 6; echo The second finished' &&
  sem --jobs 3 --id my_id -u 'echo Third started; sleep 7; echo The third finished' &&
  sem --jobs 3 --id my_id -u 'echo Fourth started; sleep 8; echo The fourth finished' &&
  sem --wait --id my_id
First started
The first finished
Third started
Fourth started
The third finished
The fourth finished
  sem --id foo -u 'echo Slow started; sleep 5; echo Slow ended' &&
  sem --id foo --semaphoretimeout 1 'echo Force this running after 1 sec' &&
  sem --id foo --semaphoretimeout -2 'echo Give up after 1 sec'
  sem --id foo --wait
Slow started
Force this running after 1 sec
Slow ended
parallel: Warning: Semaphore timed out. Stealing the semaphore.
parallel: Warning: Semaphore timed out. Exiting.
  parallel --help
Usage:

parallel [options] [command [arguments]] < list_of_arguments
parallel [options] [command [arguments]] (::: arguments|:::: argfile(s))...
cat ... | parallel --pipe [options] [command [arguments]]

-j n            Run n jobs in parallel
-k              Keep same order
-X              Multiple arguments with context replace
--colsep regexp Split input on regexp for positional replacements
{} {.} {/} {/.} {#} {%} {= perl code =} Replacement strings
{3} {3.} {3/} {3/.} {=3 perl code =}    Positional replacement strings
With --plus:    {} = {+/}/{/} = {.}.{+.} = {+/}/{/.}.{+.} = {..}.{+..} =
                {+/}/{/..}.{+..} = {...}.{+...} = {+/}/{/...}.{+...}

-S sshlogin     Example: foo@server.example.com
--slf ..        Use ~/.parallel/sshloginfile as the list of sshlogins
--trc {}.bar    Shorthand for --transfer --return {}.bar --cleanup
--onall         Run the given command with argument on all sshlogins
--nonall        Run the given command with no arguments on all sshlogins

--pipe          Split stdin (standard input) to multiple jobs.
--recend str    Record end separator for --pipe.
--recstart str  Record start separator for --pipe.

See 'man parallel' for details

Academic tradition requires you to cite works you base your article on.
When using programs that use GNU Parallel to process data for publication
please cite:

  O. Tange (2011): GNU Parallel - The Command-Line Power Tool,
  ;login: The USENIX Magazine, February 2011:42-47.

This helps funding further development; AND IT WON'T COST YOU A CENT.
If you pay 10000 EUR you should feel free to use GNU Parallel without citing.

  parallel --version
GNU parallel VERSION
Copyright (C) 2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016
Ole Tange and Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
GNU parallel comes with no warranty.

Web site: http://www.gnu.org/software/parallel

When using programs that use GNU Parallel to process data for publication
please cite as described in 'parallel --citation'.
  parallel --minversion VERSION && echo Your version is at least VERSION.
VERSION
Your version is at least VERSION.
  parallel --citation
Academic tradition requires you to cite works you base your article on.
When using programs that use GNU Parallel to process data for publication
please cite:

@article{Tange2011a,
  title = {GNU Parallel - The Command-Line Power Tool},
  author = {O. Tange},
  address = {Frederiksberg, Denmark},
  journal = {;login: The USENIX Magazine},
  month = {Feb},
  number = {1},
  volume = {36},
  url = {http://www.gnu.org/s/parallel},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {42-47},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16303}
}

(Feel free to use \nocite{Tange2011a})

This helps funding further development; AND IT WON'T COST YOU A CENT.
If you pay 10000 EUR you should feel free to use GNU Parallel without citing.

If you send a copy of your published article to tange@gnu.org, it will be
mentioned in the release notes of next version of GNU Parallel.


  parallel --number-of-cpus
  parallel --number-of-cores
9
9
  echo '--nice 17' > ~/.parallel/nicetimeout
  echo '--timeout 300%' >> ~/.parallel/nicetimeout
  parallel --profile nicetimeout echo ::: A B C
A
B
C
  echo '-vv --dry-run' > ~/.parallel/dryverbose
  parallel --profile dryverbose --profile nicetimeout echo ::: A B C
echo A
echo B
echo C
7