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parallel/src/parallel.pod
Ole Tange 9625fe4453 Released as 20120722 ('Nai Soi')
2012-07-24 02:09:47 +02:00

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#!/usr/bin/perl -w
=head1 NAME
parallel - build and execute shell command lines from standard input in parallel
=head1 SYNOPSIS
B<parallel> [options] [I<command> [arguments]] < list_of_arguments
B<parallel> [options] [I<command> [arguments]] ( B<:::> arguments |
B<::::> argfile(s) ) ...
B<parallel> --semaphore [options] I<command>
B<#!/usr/bin/parallel> --shebang [options] [I<command> [arguments]]
=head1 DESCRIPTION
GNU B<parallel> is a shell tool for executing jobs in parallel using
one or more computers. A job can be a single command or a small
script that has to be run for each of the lines in the input. The
typical input is a list of files, a list of hosts, a list of users, a
list of URLs, or a list of tables. A job can also be a command that
reads from a pipe. GNU B<parallel> can then split the input into
blocks and pipe a block into each command in parallel.
If you use xargs and tee today you will find GNU B<parallel> very easy to
use as GNU B<parallel> is written to have the same options as xargs. If
you write loops in shell, you will find GNU B<parallel> may be able to
replace most of the loops and make them run faster by running several
jobs in parallel.
GNU B<parallel> makes sure output from the commands is the same output as
you would get had you run the commands sequentially. This makes it
possible to use output from GNU B<parallel> as input for other programs.
For each line of input GNU B<parallel> will execute I<command> with
the line as arguments. If no I<command> is given, the line of input is
executed. Several lines will be run in parallel. GNU B<parallel> can
often be used as a substitute for B<xargs> or B<cat | bash>.
=head2 Reader's guide
Before looking at the options you may want to check out the B<EXAMPLE>s
after the list of options. That will give you an idea of what GNU
B<parallel> is capable of.
You can also watch the intro video for a quick introduction:
http://tinyogg.com/watch/TORaR/ http://tinyogg.com/watch/hfxKj/ and
http://tinyogg.com/watch/YQuXd/ or
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL284C9FF2488BC6D1
=head1 OPTIONS
=over 9
=item I<command>
Command to execute. If I<command> or the following arguments contain
replacement strings (such as B<{}>) every instance will be substituted
with the input.
If I<command> is given, GNU B<parallel> solve the same tasks as
B<xargs>. If I<command> is not given GNU B<parallel> will behave
similar to B<cat | sh>.
The I<command> must be an executable, a script, a composed command, or
a function. If it is a function you need to B<export -f> the function
first. An alias will, however, not work (see why
http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=484296).
=item B<{}>
Input line. This replacement string will be replaced by a full line
read from the input source. The input source is normally stdin
(standard input), but can also be given with B<-a>, B<:::>, or
B<::::>.
The replacement string B<{}> can be changed with B<-I>.
If the command line contains no replacement strings then B<{}> will be
appended to the command line.
=item B<{.}>
Input line without extension. This replacement string will be replaced
by the input with the extension removed. If the input line contains
B<.> after the last B</> the last B<.> till the end of the string will
be removed and B<{.}> will be replaced with the
remaining. E.g. I<foo.jpg> becomes I<foo>, I<subdir/foo.jpg> becomes
I<subdir/foo>, I<sub.dir/foo.jpg> becomes I<sub.dir/foo>,
I<sub.dir/bar> remains I<sub.dir/bar>. If the input line does not
contain B<.> it will remain unchanged.
The replacement string B<{.}> can be changed with B<--er>.
To understand replacement strings see B<{}>.
=item B<{/}>
Basename of input line. This replacement string will be replaced by
the input with the directory part removed.
The replacement string B<{/}> can be changed with
B<--basenamereplace>.
To understand replacement strings see B<{}>.
=item B<{//}>
Dirname of input line. This replacement string will be replaced by the
dir of the input line. See B<dirname>(1).
The replacement string B<{//}> can be changed with
B<--dirnamereplace>.
To understand replacement strings see B<{}>.
=item B<{/.}>
Basename of input line without extension. This replacement string will
be replaced by the input with the directory and extension part
removed. It is a combination of B<{/}> and B<{.}>.
The replacement string B<{/.}> can be changed with
B<--basenameextensionreplace>.
To understand replacement strings see B<{}>.
=item B<{#}>
Sequence number of the job to run. This replacement string will be
replaced by the sequence number of the job being run. It contains the
same number as $PARALLEL_SEQ.
The replacement string B<{#}> can be changed with B<--seqreplace>.
To understand replacement strings see B<{}>.
=item B<{>I<n>B<}>
Argument from input source I<n> or the I<n>'th argument. This
positional replacement string will be replaced by the input from input
source I<n> (when used with B<-a> or B<::::>) or with the I<n>'th
argument (when used with B<-N>).
To understand replacement strings see B<{}>.
=item B<{>I<n>.B<}>
Argument from input source I<n> or the I<n>'th argument without
extension. It is a combination of B<{>I<n>B<}> and B<{.}>.
This positional replacement string will be replaced by the input from
input source I<n> (when used with B<-a> or B<::::>) or with the
I<n>'th argument (when used with B<-N>). The input will have the
extension removed.
To understand positional replacement strings see B<{>I<n>B<}>.
=item B<{>I<n>/B<}>
Basename of argument from input source I<n> or the I<n>'th argument.
It is a combination of B<{>I<n>B<}> and B<{/}>.
This positional replacement string will be replaced by the input from
input source I<n> (when used with B<-a> or B<::::>) or with the
I<n>'th argument (when used with B<-N>). The input will have the
directory (if any) removed.
To understand positional replacement strings see B<{>I<n>B<}>.
=item B<{>I<n>//B<}>
Dirname of argument from input source I<n> or the I<n>'th argument.
It is a combination of B<{>I<n>B<}> and B<{//}>.
This positional replacement string will be replaced by the dir of the
input from input source I<n> (when used with B<-a> or B<::::>) or with
the I<n>'th argument (when used with B<-N>). See B<dirname>(1).
To understand positional replacement strings see B<{>I<n>B<}>.
=item B<{>I<n>/.B<}>
Basename of argument from input source I<n> or the I<n>'th argument
without extension. It is a combination of B<{>I<n>B<}>, B<{/}>, and
B<{.}>.
This positional replacement string will be replaced by the input from
input source I<n> (when used with B<-a> or B<::::>) or with the
I<n>'th argument (when used with B<-N>). The input will have the
directory (if any) and extension removed.
To understand positional replacement strings see B<{>I<n>B<}>.
=item B<:::> I<arguments>
Use arguments from the command line as input source instead of stdin
(standard input). Unlike other options for GNU B<parallel> B<:::> is
placed after the I<command> and before the arguments.
The following are equivalent:
(echo file1; echo file2) | parallel gzip
parallel gzip ::: file1 file2
parallel gzip {} ::: file1 file2
parallel --arg-sep ,, gzip {} ,, file1 file2
parallel --arg-sep ,, gzip ,, file1 file2
parallel ::: "gzip file1" "gzip file2"
To avoid treating B<:::> as special use B<--arg-sep> to set the
argument separator to something else. See also B<--arg-sep>.
stdin (standard input) will be passed to the first process run.
If multiple B<:::> are given, each group will be treated as an input
source, and all combinations of input sources will be
generated. E.g. ::: 1 2 ::: a b c will result in the combinations
(1,a) (1,b) (1,c) (2,a) (2,b) (2,c). This is useful for replacing
nested for-loops.
B<:::> and B<::::> can be mixed. So these are equivalent:
parallel echo {1} {2} {3} ::: 6 7 ::: 4 5 ::: 1 2 3
parallel echo {1} {2} {3} :::: <(seq 6 7) <(seq 4 5) :::: <(seq 1 3)
parallel -a <(seq 6 7) echo {1} {2} {3} :::: <(seq 4 5) :::: <(seq 1 3)
parallel -a <(seq 6 7) -a <(seq 4 5) echo {1} {2} {3} ::: 1 2 3
seq 6 7 | parallel -a - -a <(seq 4 5) echo {1} {2} {3} ::: 1 2 3
seq 4 5 | parallel echo {1} {2} {3} :::: <(seq 6 7) - ::: 1 2 3
=item B<::::> I<argfiles>
Another way to write B<-a> I<argfile1> B<-a> I<argfile2> ...
B<:::> and B<::::> can be mixed.
See B<-a>, B<:::> and B<--xapply>.
=item B<--null>
=item B<-0>
Use NUL as delimiter. Normally input lines will end in \n
(newline). If they end in \0 (NUL), then use this option. It is useful
for processing arguments that may contain \n (newline).
=item B<--arg-file> I<input-file>
=item B<-a> I<input-file>
Use I<input-file> as input source. If you use this option, stdin
(standard input) is given to the first process run. Otherwise, stdin
(standard input) is redirected from /dev/null.
If multiple B<-a> are given, each I<input-file> will be treated as an
input source, and all combinations of input sources will be
generated. E.g. The file B<foo> contains B<1 2>, the file B<bar>
contains B<a b c>. B<-a foo> B<-a bar> will result in the combinations
(1,a) (1,b) (1,c) (2,a) (2,b) (2,c). This is useful for replacing
nested for-loops.
See also B<--xapply> and B<{>I<n>B<}>.
=item B<--arg-file-sep> I<sep-str>
Use I<sep-str> instead of B<::::> as separator string between command
and argument files. Useful if B<::::> is used for something else by the
command.
See also: B<::::>.
=item B<--arg-sep> I<sep-str>
Use I<sep-str> instead of B<:::> as separator string. Useful if B<:::>
is used for something else by the command.
Also useful if you command uses B<:::> but you still want to read
arguments from stdin (standard input): Simply change B<--arg-sep> to a
string that is not in the command line.
See also: B<:::>.
=item B<--basefile> I<file>
=item B<--bf> I<file>
I<file> will be transferred to each sshlogin before a jobs is
started. It will be removed if B<--cleanup> is active. The file may be
a script to run or some common base data needed for the jobs.
Multiple B<--bf> can be specified to transfer more basefiles. The
I<file> will be transferred the same way as B<--transfer>.
=item B<--basenamereplace> I<replace-str>
=item B<--bnr> I<replace-str>
Use the replacement string I<replace-str> instead of B<{/}> for
basename of input line.
=item B<--basenameextensionreplace> I<replace-str>
=item B<--bner> I<replace-str>
Use the replacement string I<replace-str> instead of B<{/.}> for basename of input line without extension.
=item B<--bg>
Run command in background thus GNU B<parallel> will not wait for
completion of the command before exiting. This is the default if
B<--semaphore> is set.
See also: B<--fg>, B<man sem>
Implies B<--semaphore>.
=item B<--bibtex>
Print the BibTeX entry for GNU B<parallel>.
=item B<--block> I<size>
=item B<--block-size> I<size>
Size of block in bytes. The size can be postfixed with K, M, G, T, P,
k, m, g, t, or p which would multiply the size with 1024, 1048576,
1073741824, 1099511627776, 1125899906842624, 1000, 1000000,
1000000000, 1000000000000, or 1000000000000000 respectively.
GNU B<parallel> tries to meet the block size but can be off by the
length of one record.
I<size> defaults to 1M.
See B<--pipe> for use of this.
=item B<--cleanup>
Remove transferred files. B<--cleanup> will remove the transferred files
on the remote computer after processing is done.
find log -name '*gz' | parallel \
--sshlogin server.example.com --transfer --return {.}.bz2 \
--cleanup "zcat {} | bzip -9 >{.}.bz2"
With B<--transfer> the file transferred to the remote computer will be
removed on the remote computer. Directories created will not be removed
- even if they are empty.
With B<--return> the file transferred from the remote computer will be
removed on the remote computer. Directories created will not be removed
- even if they are empty.
B<--cleanup> is ignored when not used with B<--transfer> or B<--return>.
=item B<--colsep> I<regexp>
=item B<-C> I<regexp>
Column separator. The input will be treated as a table with I<regexp>
separating the columns. The n'th column can be access using
B<{>I<n>B<}> or B<{>I<n>.B<}>. E.g. B<{3}> is the 3rd column.
B<--colsep> implies B<--trim rl>.
I<regexp> is a Perl Regular Expression:
http://perldoc.perl.org/perlre.html
=item B<--delimiter> I<delim>
=item B<-d> I<delim>
Input items are terminated by the specified character. Quotes and
backslash are not special; every character in the input is taken
literally. Disables the end-of-file string, which is treated like any
other argument. This can be used when the input consists of simply
newline-separated items, although it is almost always better to design
your program to use --null where this is possible. The specified
delimiter may be a single character, a C-style character escape such
as \n, or an octal or hexadecimal escape code. Octal and
hexadecimal escape codes are understood as for the printf command.
Multibyte characters are not supported.
=item B<--dirnamereplace> I<replace-str>
=item B<--dnr> I<replace-str>
Use the replacement string I<replace-str> instead of B<{//}> for
dirname of input line.
=item B<-E> I<eof-str>
Set the end of file string to eof-str. If the end of file string
occurs as a line of input, the rest of the input is ignored. If
neither B<-E> nor B<-e> is used, no end of file string is used.
=item B<--dry-run>
Print the job to run on stdout (standard output), but do not run the
job. Use B<-v -v> to include the ssh/rsync wrapping if the job would
be run on a remote computer. Do not count on this literaly, though, as
the job may be scheduled on another computer or the local computer if
: is in the list.
=item B<--eof>[=I<eof-str>]
=item B<-e>[I<eof-str>]
This option is a synonym for the B<-E> option. Use B<-E> instead,
because it is POSIX compliant for B<xargs> while this option is not.
If I<eof-str> is omitted, there is no end of file string. If neither
B<-E> nor B<-e> is used, no end of file string is used.
=item B<--eta>
Show the estimated number of seconds before finishing. This forces GNU
B<parallel> to read all jobs before starting to find the number of
jobs. GNU B<parallel> normally only reads the next job to run.
Implies B<--progress>.
=item B<--fg>
Run command in foreground thus GNU B<parallel> will wait for
completion of the command before exiting.
See also: B<--bg>, B<man sem>
Implies B<--semaphore>.
=item B<--filter-hosts> (beta testing)
Remove down hosts. For each remote host: check that login through ssh
works. If not: do not use this host.
Currently you can <i>not</i> put B<--filter-hosts> in a profile,
$PARALLEL, /etc/parallel/config or similar. This is because GNU
B<parallel> uses GNU B<parallel> to compute this, so you will get an
infinite loop. This will likely be fixed in a later release.
=item B<--gnu>
Behave like GNU B<parallel>. If B<--tollef> and B<--gnu> are both set,
B<--gnu> takes precedence.
=item B<--group>
Group output. Output from each jobs is grouped together and is only
printed when the command is finished. stderr (standard error) first
followed by stdout (standard output). This takes some CPU time. In
rare situations GNU B<parallel> takes up lots of CPU time and if it is
acceptable that the outputs from different commands are mixed
together, then disabling grouping with B<-u> can speedup GNU
B<parallel> by a factor of 10.
B<--group> is the default. Can be reversed with B<-u>.
=item B<--help>
=item B<-h>
Print a summary of the options to GNU B<parallel> and exit.
=item B<--halt-on-error> <0|1|2>
=item B<--halt> <0|1|2>
=over 3
=item 0
Do not halt if a job fails. Exit status will be the number of jobs
failed. This is the default.
=item 1
Do not start new jobs if a job fails, but complete the running jobs
including cleanup. The exit status will be the exit status from the
last failing job.
=item 2
Kill off all jobs immediately and exit without cleanup. The exit
status will be the exit status from the failing job.
=back
=item B<--header> I<regexp>
Use upto regexp as header. For normal usage the matched header
(typically the first line: B<--header '\n'>) will be split using
B<--colsep> (which will default to '\t') and column names can be used
as replacement variables: B<{column name}>. For B<--pipe> the matched
header will be prepended to each output.
B<--header :> is an alias for B<--header '\n'>.
=item B<-I> I<replace-str>
Use the replacement string I<replace-str> instead of {}.
=item B<--replace>[=I<replace-str>]
=item B<-i>[I<replace-str>]
This option is a synonym for B<-I>I<replace-str> if I<replace-str> is
specified, and for B<-I>{} otherwise. This option is deprecated;
use B<-I> instead.
=item B<--joblog> I<logfile> (beta testing)
Logfile for executed jobs. Save a list of the executed jobs to
I<logfile> in the following TAB separated format: sequence number,
sshlogin, start time as seconds since epoch, run time in seconds,
bytes in files transferred, bytes in files returned, exit status,
and command run.
To convert the times into ISO-8601 strict do:
B<perl -a -F"\t" -ne 'chomp($F[2]=`date -d \@$F[2] +%FT%T`); print join("\t",@F)'>
See also B<--resume>.
=item B<--jobs> I<N>
=item B<-j> I<N>
=item B<--max-procs> I<N>
=item B<-P> I<N>
Number of jobslots. Run up to N jobs in parallel. 0 means as many as
possible. Default is 100% which will run one job per CPU core.
If B<--semaphore> is set default is 1 thus making a mutex.
=item B<--jobs> I<+N>
=item B<-j> I<+N>
=item B<--max-procs> I<+N>
=item B<-P> I<+N>
Add N to the number of CPU cores. Run this many jobs in parallel.
See also B<--use-cpus-instead-of-cores>.
=item B<--jobs> I<-N>
=item B<-j> I<-N>
=item B<--max-procs> I<-N>
=item B<-P> I<-N>
Subtract N from the number of CPU cores. Run this many jobs in parallel.
If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used. See also
B<--use-cpus-instead-of-cores>.
=item B<--jobs> I<N>%
=item B<-j> I<N>%
=item B<--max-procs> I<N>%
=item B<-P> I<N>%
Multiply N% with the number of CPU cores. Run this many jobs in parallel.
If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used. See also
B<--use-cpus-instead-of-cores>.
=item B<--jobs> I<procfile>
=item B<-j> I<procfile>
=item B<--max-procs> I<procfile>
=item B<-P> I<procfile>
Read parameter from file. Use the content of I<procfile> as parameter
for I<-j>. E.g. I<procfile> could contain the string 100% or +2 or
10. If I<procfile> is changed when a job completes, I<procfile> is
read again and the new number of jobs is computed. If the number is
lower than before, running jobs will be allowed to finish but new jobs
will not be started until the wanted number of jobs has been reached.
This makes it possible to change the number of simultaneous running
jobs while GNU B<parallel> is running.
=item B<--keep-order>
=item B<-k>
Keep sequence of output same as the order of input. Normally the
output of a job will be printed as soon as the job completes. Try this
to see the difference:
parallel -j4 sleep {}\; echo {} ::: 2 1 4 3
parallel -j4 -k sleep {}\; echo {} ::: 2 1 4 3
=item B<-L> I<max-lines> (beta testing)
When used with B<--pipe>: Read records of I<max-lines>.
When used otherwise: Use at most I<max-lines> nonblank input lines per
command line. Trailing blanks cause an input line to be logically
continued on the next input line.
B<-L 0> means read one line, but insert 0 arguments on the command
line.
Implies B<-X> unless B<-m>, B<--xargs>, or B<--pipe> is set.
=item B<--max-lines>[=I<max-lines>]
=item B<-l>[I<max-lines>]
When used with B<--pipe>: Read records of I<max-lines>.
When used otherwise: Synonym for the B<-L> option. Unlike B<-L>, the
I<max-lines> argument is optional. If I<max-lines> is not specified,
it defaults to one. The B<-l> option is deprecated since the POSIX
standard specifies B<-L> instead.
B<-l 0> is an alias for B<-l 1>.
Implies B<-X> unless B<-m>, B<--xargs>, or B<--pipe> is set.
=item B<--load> I<max-load> (beta testing)
Do not start new jobs on a given computer unless the load is less than
I<max-load>. I<max-load> uses the same syntax as B<--jobs>, so I<100%>
for one per CPU is a valid setting. Only difference is 0 which is
interpreted as 0.01.
The load average is only sampled every 10 seconds using B<uptime> to
avoid stressing small computers. Only the first (1 minute) load is
used.
=item B<--controlmaster> (experimental)
=item B<-M> (experimental)
Use ssh's ControlMaster to make ssh connections faster. Useful if jobs
run remote and are very fast to run. This is disabled for sshlogins
that specify their own ssh command.
=item B<--xargs>
Multiple arguments. Insert as many arguments as the command line
length permits.
If B<{}> is not used the arguments will be appended to the
line. If B<{}> is used multiple times each B<{}> will be replaced
with all the arguments.
Support for B<--xargs> with B<--sshlogin> is limited and may fail.
See also B<-X> for context replace. If in doubt use B<-X> as that will
most likely do what is needed.
=item B<-m>
Multiple arguments. Insert as many arguments as the command line
length permits. If multiple jobs are being run in parallel: distribute
the arguments evenly among the jobs. Use B<-j1> to avoid this.
If B<{}> is not used the arguments will be appended to the
line. If B<{}> is used multiple times each B<{}> will be replaced
with all the arguments.
Support for B<-m> with B<--sshlogin> is limited and may fail.
See also B<-X> for context replace. If in doubt use B<-X> as that will
most likely do what is needed.
=item B<--minversion> I<version>
Print the version GNU B<parallel> and exit. If the current version of
GNU B<parallel> is less than I<version> the exit code is
255. Otherwise it is 0.
This is useful for scripts that depend on features only available from
a certain version of GNU B<parallel>.
=item B<--nonall>
B<--onall> with no arguments. Run the command on all computers given
with B<--sshlogin> but take no arguments. GNU B<parallel> will log
into B<--jobs> number of computers in parallel and run the job on the
computer. B<-j> adjusts how many computers to log into in parallel.
This is useful for running the same command (e.g. uptime) on a list of
servers.
=item B<--onall>
Run all the jobs on all computers given with B<--sshlogin>. GNU
B<parallel> will log into B<--jobs> number of computers in parallel
and run one job at a time on the computer. The order of the jobs will
not be changed, but some computers may finish before others. B<-j>
adjusts how many computers to log into in parallel.
When using B<--group> the output will be grouped by each server, so
all the output from one server will be grouped together.
=item B<--output-as-files>
=item B<--outputasfiles>
=item B<--files>
Instead of printing the output to stdout (standard output) the output
of each job is saved in a file and the filename is then printed.
=item B<--pipe> (beta testing)
=item B<--spreadstdin> (beta testing)
Spread input to jobs on stdin (standard input). Read a block of data
from stdin (standard input) and give one block of data as input to one
job.
The block size is determined by B<--block>. The strings B<--recstart>
and B<--recend> tell GNU B<parallel> how a record starts and/or
ends. The block read will have the final partial record removed before
the block is passed on to the job. The partial record will be
prepended to next block.
If B<--recstart> is given this will be used to split at record start.
If B<--recend> is given this will be used to split at record end.
If both B<--recstart> and B<--recend> are given both will have to
match to find a split position.
If neither B<--recstart> nor B<--recend> are given B<--recend>
defaults to '\n'. To have no record separator use B<--recend "">.
B<--files> is often used with B<--pipe>.
=item B<--progress>
Show progress of computations. List the computers involved in the task
with number of CPU cores detected and the max number of jobs to
run. After that show progress for each computer: number of running
jobs, number of completed jobs, and percentage of all jobs done by
this computer. The percentage will only be available after all jobs
have been scheduled as GNU B<parallel> only read the next job when
ready to schedule it - this is to avoid wasting time and memory by
reading everything at startup.
By sending GNU B<parallel> SIGUSR2 you can toggle turning on/off
B<--progress> on a running GNU B<parallel> process.
See also: B<--eta>
=item B<--max-args>=I<max-args>
=item B<-n> I<max-args>
Use at most I<max-args> arguments per command line. Fewer than
I<max-args> arguments will be used if the size (see the B<-s> option)
is exceeded, unless the B<-x> option is given, in which case
GNU B<parallel> will exit.
B<-n 0> means read one argument, but insert 0 arguments on the command
line.
Implies B<-X> unless B<-m> is set.
=item B<--max-replace-args>=I<max-args>
=item B<-N> I<max-args>
Use at most I<max-args> arguments per command line. Like B<-n> but
also makes replacement strings B<{1}> .. B<{>I<max-args>B<}> that
represents argument 1 .. I<max-args>. If too few args the B<{>I<n>B<}> will
be empty.
B<-N 0> means read one argument, but insert 0 arguments on the command
line.
This will set the owner of the homedir to the user:
B<tr ':' '\n' < /etc/passwd | parallel -N7 chown {1} {6}>
Implies B<-X> unless B<-m> or B<--pipe> is set.
When used with B<--pipe> B<-N> is the number of records to read. This
is much slower than B<--block> so avoid it if performance is
important.
=item B<--max-line-length-allowed>
Print the maximal number of characters allowed on the command line and
exit (used by GNU B<parallel> itself to determine the line length
on remote computers).
=item B<--number-of-cpus>
Print the number of physical CPUs and exit (used by GNU B<parallel>
itself to determine the number of physical CPUs on remote computers).
=item B<--number-of-cores>
Print the number of CPU cores and exit (used by GNU B<parallel> itself
to determine the number of CPU cores on remote computers).
=item B<--nice> I<niceness>
Run the command at this niceness. For simple commands you can just add
B<nice> in front of the command. But if the command consists of more
sub commands (Like: ls|wc) then prepending B<nice> will not always
work. B<--nice> will make sure all sub commands are niced.
=item B<--interactive>
=item B<-p>
Prompt the user about whether to run each command line and read a line
from the terminal. Only run the command line if the response starts
with 'y' or 'Y'. Implies B<-t>.
=item B<--profile> I<profilename>
=item B<-J> I<profilename>
Use profile I<profilename> for options. This is useful if you want to
have multiple profiles. You could have one profile for running jobs in
parallel on the local computer and a different profile for running jobs
on remote computers. See the section PROFILE FILES for examples.
I<profilename> corresponds to the file ~/.parallel/I<profilename>.
You can give multiple profiles by repeating B<--profile>. If parts of
the profiles conflict, the later ones will be used.
Default: config
=item B<--quote>
=item B<-q>
Quote I<command>. This will quote the command line so special
characters are not interpreted by the shell. See the section
QUOTING. Most people will never need this. Quoting is disabled by
default.
=item B<--no-run-if-empty>
=item B<-r>
If the stdin (standard input) only contains whitespace, do not run the command.
If used with B<--pipe> this is slow.
=item B<--recstart> I<startstring>
=item B<--recend> I<endstring>
If B<--recstart> is given I<startstring> will be used to split at record start.
If B<--recend> is given I<endstring> will be used to split at record end.
If both B<--recstart> and B<--recend> are given the combined string
I<endstring>I<startstring> will have to match to find a split
position. This is useful if either I<startstring> or I<endstring>
match in the middle of a record.
If neither B<--recstart> nor B<--recend> are given then B<--recend>
defaults to '\n'. To have no record separator use B<--recend "">.
B<--recstart> and B<--recend> are used with B<--pipe>.
Use B<--regexp> to interpret B<--recstart> and B<--recend> as regular
expressions. This is slow, however.
=item B<--regexp>
Use B<--regexp> to interpret B<--recstart> and B<--recend> as regular
expressions. This is slow, however.
=item B<--remove-rec-sep>
=item B<--removerecsep>
=item B<--rrs>
Remove the text matched by B<--recstart> and B<--recend> before piping
it to the command.
Only used with B<--pipe>.
=item B<--resume>
Resumes from the last unfinished job. By reading B<--joblog> GNU
B<parallel> will figure out the last unfinished job and continue from
there. As GNU B<parallel> only looks at the sequence numbers in
B<--joblog> then the input, the command, and B<--joblog> all have to
remain unchanged; otherwise GNU B<parallel> may run wrong commands.
See also: B<--joblog>.
=item B<--retries> I<n>
If a job fails, retry it on another computer. Do this I<n> times. If
there are fewer than I<n> computers in B<--sshlogin> GNU B<parallel> will
re-use the computers. This is useful if some jobs fail for no apparent
reason (such as network failure).
=item B<--return> I<filename>
Transfer files from remote computers. B<--return> is used with
B<--sshlogin> when the arguments are files on the remote computers. When
processing is done the file I<filename> will be transferred
from the remote computer using B<rsync> and will be put relative to
the default login dir. E.g.
echo foo/bar.txt | parallel \
--sshlogin server.example.com --return {.}.out touch {.}.out
This will transfer the file I<$HOME/foo/bar.out> from the computer
I<server.example.com> to the file I<foo/bar.out> after running
B<touch foo/bar.out> on I<server.example.com>.
echo /tmp/foo/bar.txt | parallel \
--sshlogin server.example.com --return {.}.out touch {.}.out
This will transfer the file I</tmp/foo/bar.out> from the computer
I<server.example.com> to the file I</tmp/foo/bar.out> after running
B<touch /tmp/foo/bar.out> on I<server.example.com>.
Multiple files can be transferred by repeating the options multiple
times:
echo /tmp/foo/bar.txt | \
parallel --sshlogin server.example.com \
--return {.}.out --return {.}.out2 touch {.}.out {.}.out2
B<--return> is often used with B<--transfer> and B<--cleanup>.
B<--return> is ignored when used with B<--sshlogin :> or when not used
with B<--sshlogin>.
=item B<--max-chars>=I<max-chars>
=item B<-s> I<max-chars>
Use at most I<max-chars> characters per command line, including the
command and initial-arguments and the terminating nulls at the ends of
the argument strings. The largest allowed value is system-dependent,
and is calculated as the argument length limit for exec, less the size
of your environment. The default value is the maximum.
Implies B<-X> unless B<-m> is set.
=item B<--show-limits>
Display the limits on the command-line length which are imposed by the
operating system and the B<-s> option. Pipe the input from /dev/null
(and perhaps specify --no-run-if-empty) if you don't want GNU B<parallel>
to do anything.
=item B<--semaphore>
Work as a counting semaphore. B<--semaphore> will cause GNU
B<parallel> to start I<command> in the background. When the number of
simultaneous jobs is reached, GNU B<parallel> will wait for one of
these to complete before starting another command.
B<--semaphore> implies B<--bg> unless B<--fg> is specified.
B<--semaphore> implies B<--semaphorename `tty`> unless
B<--semaphorename> is specified.
Used with B<--fg>, B<--wait>, and B<--semaphorename>.
The command B<sem> is an alias for B<parallel --semaphore>.
See also: B<man sem>
=item B<--semaphorename> I<name>
=item B<--id> I<name>
Use B<name> as the name of the semaphore. Default is the name of the
controlling tty (output from B<tty>).
The default normally works as expected when used interactively, but
when used in a script I<name> should be set. I<$$> or I<my_task_name>
are often a good value.
The semaphore is stored in ~/.parallel/semaphores/
Implies B<--semaphore>.
See also: B<man sem>
=item B<--semaphoretimeout> I<secs> (not implemented)
If the semaphore is not released within secs seconds, take it anyway.
Implies B<--semaphore>.
See also: B<man sem>
=item B<--seqreplace> I<replace-str>
Use the replacement string I<replace-str> instead of B<{#}> for
job sequence number.
=item B<--shellquote>
Does not run the command but quotes it. Useful for making quoted
composed commands for GNU B<parallel>.
=item B<--skip-first-line>
Do not use the first line of input (used by GNU B<parallel> itself
when called with B<--shebang>).
=item B<-S> I<[ncpu/]sshlogin[,[ncpu/]sshlogin[,...]]>
=item B<--sshlogin> I<[ncpu/]sshlogin[,[ncpu/]sshlogin[,...]]>
Distribute jobs to remote computers. The jobs will be run on a list of
remote computers. GNU B<parallel> will determine the number of CPU
cores on the remote computers and run the number of jobs as specified by
B<-j>. If the number I<ncpu> is given GNU B<parallel> will use this
number for number of CPU cores on the host. Normally I<ncpu> will not
be needed.
An I<sshlogin> is of the form:
[sshcommand [options]][username@]hostname
The sshlogin must not require a password.
The sshlogin ':' is special, it means 'no ssh' and will therefore run
on the local computer.
The sshlogin '..' is special, it read sshlogins from ~/.parallel/sshloginfile
The sshlogin '-' is special, too, it read sshlogins from stdin
(standard input).
To specify more sshlogins separate the sshlogins by comma or repeat
the options multiple times.
For examples: see B<--sshloginfile>.
The remote host must have GNU B<parallel> installed.
B<--sshlogin> is known to cause problems with B<-m> and B<-X>.
B<--sshlogin> is often used with B<--transfer>, B<--return>,
B<--cleanup>, and B<--trc>.
=item B<--sshloginfile> I<filename>
=item B<--slf> I<filename>
File with sshlogins. The file consists of sshlogins on separate
lines. Empty lines and lines starting with '#' are ignored. Example:
server.example.com
username@server2.example.com
8/my-8-core-server.example.com
2/my_other_username@my-dualcore.example.net
# This server has SSH running on port 2222
ssh -p 2222 server.example.net
4/ssh -p 2222 quadserver.example.net
# Use a different ssh program
myssh -p 2222 -l myusername hexacpu.example.net
# Use a different ssh program with default number of cores
//usr/local/bin/myssh -p 2222 -l myusername hexacpu.example.net
# Use a different ssh program with 6 cores
6//usr/local/bin/myssh -p 2222 -l myusername hexacpu.example.net
# Assume 16 cores on the local computer
16/:
When using a different ssh program the last argument must be the hostname.
Multiple B<--sshloginfile> are allowed.
The sshloginfile '..' is special, it read sshlogins from
~/.parallel/sshloginfile
The sshloginfile '.' is special, it read sshlogins from
/etc/parallel/sshloginfile
The sshloginfile '-' is special, too, it read sshlogins from stdin
(standard input).
=item B<--noswap>
Do not start new jobs on a given computer if there is both swap-in and
swap-out activity.
The swap activity is only sampled every 10 seconds as the sampling
takes 1 second to do.
Swap activity is computed as (swap-in)*(swap-out) which in practice is
a good value: swapping out is not a problem, swapping in is not a
problem, but both swapping in and out usually indicates a problem.
=item B<--silent>
Silent. The job to be run will not be printed. This is the default.
Can be reversed with B<-v>.
=item B<--tty>
Open terminal tty. If GNU B<parallel> is used for starting an
interactive program then this option may be needed. It will start only
one job at a time (i.e. B<-j1>), not buffer the output (i.e. B<-u>),
and it will open a tty for the job. When the job is done, the next job
will get the tty.
=item B<--tag>
Tag lines with arguments. Each output line will be prepended with the
arguments and TAB (\t). When combined with B<--onall> or B<--nonall>
the lines will be prepended with the sshlogin instead.
B<--tag> is ignored when using B<-u>.
=item B<--tagstring> I<str>
Tag lines with a string. Each output line will be prepended with
I<str> and TAB (\t). I<str> can contain replacement strings such as
{}.
B<--tagstring> is ignored when using B<-u>, B<--onall>, and B<--nonall>.
=item B<--tmpdir> I<dirname>
Directory for temporary files. GNU B<parallel> normally buffers output
into temporary files in /tmp. By setting B<--tmpdir> you can use a
different dir for the files. Setting B<--tmpdir> is equivalent to
setting $TMPDIR.
=item B<--timeout> I<sec> (beta testing)
Time out for command. If the command runs for longer than I<sec>
seconds it will get killed with SIGTERM, followed by SIGTERM 200 ms
later, followed by SIGKILL 200 ms later.
=item B<--tollef> (beta testing)
Make GNU B<parallel> behave more like Tollef's parallel command. It
activates B<-u>, B<-q>, and B<--arg-sep -->. It also causes B<-l> to
change meaning to B<--load>.
Not giving '--' is unsupported.
B<Do not use --tollef unless you know what you are doing>.
To override use B<--gnu>.
=item B<--verbose>
=item B<-t>
Print the job to be run on stderr (standard error).
See also B<-v> and B<-p>.
=item B<--transfer>
Transfer files to remote computers. B<--transfer> is used with
B<--sshlogin> when the arguments are files and should be transferred to
the remote computers. The files will be transferred using B<rsync> and
will be put relative to the default login dir. E.g.
echo foo/bar.txt | parallel \
--sshlogin server.example.com --transfer wc
This will transfer the file I<foo/bar.txt> to the computer
I<server.example.com> to the file I<$HOME/foo/bar.txt> before running
B<wc foo/bar.txt> on I<server.example.com>.
echo /tmp/foo/bar.txt | parallel \
--sshlogin server.example.com --transfer wc
This will transfer the file I<foo/bar.txt> to the computer
I<server.example.com> to the file I</tmp/foo/bar.txt> before running
B<wc /tmp/foo/bar.txt> on I<server.example.com>.
B<--transfer> is often used with B<--return> and B<--cleanup>.
B<--transfer> is ignored when used with B<--sshlogin :> or when not used with B<--sshlogin>.
=item B<--trc> I<filename>
Transfer, Return, Cleanup. Short hand for:
B<--transfer> B<--return> I<filename> B<--cleanup>
=item B<--trim> <n|l|r|lr|rl>
Trim white space in input.
=over 4
=item n
No trim. Input is not modified. This is the default.
=item l
Left trim. Remove white space from start of input. E.g. " a bc " -> "a bc ".
=item r
Right trim. Remove white space from end of input. E.g. " a bc " -> " a bc".
=item lr
=item rl
Both trim. Remove white space from both start and end of input. E.g. "
a bc " -> "a bc". This is the default if B<--colsep> is used.
=back
=item B<--ungroup>
=item B<-u>
Ungroup output. Output is printed as soon as possible and by passes
GNU B<parallel> internal processing. This may cause output from
different commands to be mixed thus should only be used if you do not
care about the output. Compare these:
B<parallel -j0 'sleep {};echo -n start{};sleep {};echo {}end' ::: 1 2 3 4>
B<parallel -u -j0 'sleep {};echo -n start{};sleep {};echo {}end' ::: 1 2 3 4>
It also disables B<--tag>. GNU B<parallel> runs faster with B<-u>. Can
be reversed with B<--group>.
=item B<--extensionreplace> I<replace-str>
=item B<--er> I<replace-str>
Use the replacement string I<replace-str> instead of {.} for input line without extension.
=item B<--use-cpus-instead-of-cores>
Count the number of physical CPUs instead of CPU cores. When computing
how many jobs to run simultaneously relative to the number of CPU cores
you can ask GNU B<parallel> to instead look at the number of physical
CPUs. This will make sense for computers that have hyperthreading as
two jobs running on one CPU with hyperthreading will run slower than
two jobs running on two physical CPUs. Some multi-core CPUs can run
faster if only one thread is running per physical CPU. Most users will
not need this option.
=item B<-v>
Verbose. Print the job to be run on stdout (standard output). Can be reversed
with B<--silent>. See also B<-t>.
Use B<-v> B<-v> to print the wrapping ssh command when running remotely.
=item B<--version>
=item B<-V>
Print the version GNU B<parallel> and exit.
=item B<--workdir> I<mydir>
=item B<--wd> I<mydir>
Files transferred using B<--transfer> and B<--return> will be relative
to I<mydir> on remote computers, and the command will be executed in
the dir I<mydir>.
The special I<mydir> value B<...> will create working dirs under
B<~/.parallel/tmp/> on the remote computers. If B<--cleanup> is given
these dirs will be removed.
The special I<mydir> value B<.> uses the current working dir. If the
current working dir is beneath your home dir, the value B<.> is
treated as the relative path to your home dir. This means that if your
home dir is different on remote computers (e.g. if your login is
different) the relative path will still be relative to your home dir.
=item B<--wait>
Wait for all commands to complete.
Implies B<--semaphore>.
See also: B<man sem>
=item B<-X>
Multiple arguments with context replace. Insert as many arguments as
the command line length permits. If multiple jobs are being run in
parallel: distribute the arguments evenly among the jobs. Use B<-j1>
to avoid this.
If B<{}> is not used the arguments will be appended to the line. If
B<{}> is used as part of a word (like I<pic{}.jpg>) then the whole
word will be repeated. If B<{}> is used multiple times each B<{}> will
be replaced with the arguments.
Normally B<-X> will do the right thing, whereas B<-m> can give
unexpected results if B<{}> is used as part of a word.
Support for B<-X> with B<--sshlogin> is limited and may fail.
See also B<-m>.
=item B<--exit>
=item B<-x>
Exit if the size (see the B<-s> option) is exceeded.
=item B<--xapply>
Read multiple input sources like B<xapply>. If multiple input sources
are given, one argument will be read from each of the input
sources. The arguments can be accessed in the command as B<{1}>
.. B<{>I<n>B<}>, so B<{1}> will be a line from the first input source, and
B<{6}> will refer to the line with the same line number from the 6th
input source.
Compare these two:
parallel echo {1} {2} ::: 1 2 3 ::: a b c
parallel --xapply echo {1} {2} ::: 1 2 3 ::: a b c
See also B<--header>.
=item B<--shebang> (beta testing)
=item B<--hashbang> (beta testing)
GNU B<Parallel> can be called as a shebang (#!) command as the first line of a script. Like this:
#!/usr/bin/parallel --shebang -r traceroute
foss.org.my
debian.org
freenetproject.org
For this to work B<--shebang> must be set as the first option.
=back
=head1 EXAMPLE: Working as xargs -n1. Argument appending
GNU B<parallel> can work similar to B<xargs -n1>.
To compress all html files using B<gzip> run:
B<find . -name '*.html' | parallel gzip>
If the file names may contain a newline use B<-0>. Substitute FOO BAR with
FUBAR in all files in this dir and subdirs:
B<find . -type f -print0 | parallel -q0 perl -i -pe 's/FOO BAR/FUBAR/g'>
Note B<-q> is needed because of the space in 'FOO BAR'.
=head1 EXAMPLE: Reading arguments from command line
GNU B<parallel> can take the arguments from command line instead of
stdin (standard input). To compress all html files in the current dir
using B<gzip> run:
B<parallel gzip ::: *.html>
To convert *.wav to *.mp3 using LAME running one process per CPU core
run:
B<parallel lame {} -o {.}.mp3 ::: *.wav>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Inserting multiple arguments
When moving a lot of files like this: B<mv *.log destdir> you will
sometimes get the error:
B<bash: /bin/mv: Argument list too long>
because there are too many files. You can instead do:
B<ls | grep -E '\.log$' | parallel mv {} destdir>
This will run B<mv> for each file. It can be done faster if B<mv> gets
as many arguments that will fit on the line:
B<ls | grep -E '\.log$' | parallel -m mv {} destdir>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Context replace
To remove the files I<pict0000.jpg> .. I<pict9999.jpg> you could do:
B<seq -w 0 9999 | parallel rm pict{}.jpg>
You could also do:
B<seq -w 0 9999 | perl -pe 's/(.*)/pict$1.jpg/' | parallel -m rm>
The first will run B<rm> 10000 times, while the last will only run
B<rm> as many times needed to keep the command line length short
enough to avoid B<Argument list too long> (it typically runs 1-2 times).
You could also run:
B<seq -w 0 9999 | parallel -X rm pict{}.jpg>
This will also only run B<rm> as many times needed to keep the command
line length short enough.
=head1 EXAMPLE: Compute intensive jobs and substitution
If ImageMagick is installed this will generate a thumbnail of a jpg
file:
B<convert -geometry 120 foo.jpg thumb_foo.jpg>
This will run with number-of-cpu-cores jobs in parallel for all jpg
files in a directory:
B<ls *.jpg | parallel convert -geometry 120 {} thumb_{}>
To do it recursively use B<find>:
B<find . -name '*.jpg' | parallel convert -geometry 120 {} {}_thumb.jpg>
Notice how the argument has to start with B<{}> as B<{}> will include path
(e.g. running B<convert -geometry 120 ./foo/bar.jpg
thumb_./foo/bar.jpg> would clearly be wrong). The command will
generate files like ./foo/bar.jpg_thumb.jpg.
Use B<{.}> to avoid the extra .jpg in the file name. This command will
make files like ./foo/bar_thumb.jpg:
B<find . -name '*.jpg' | parallel convert -geometry 120 {} {.}_thumb.jpg>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Substitution and redirection
This will generate an uncompressed version of .gz-files next to the .gz-file:
B<parallel zcat {} ">>B<"{.} ::: *.gz>
Quoting of > is necessary to postpone the redirection. Another
solution is to quote the whole command:
B<parallel "zcat {} >>B<{.}" ::: *.gz>
Other special shell characters (such as * ; $ > < | >> <<) also need
to be put in quotes, as they may otherwise be interpreted by the shell
and not given to GNU B<parallel>.
=head1 EXAMPLE: Composed commands
A job can consist of several commands. This will print the number of
files in each directory:
B<ls | parallel 'echo -n {}" "; ls {}|wc -l'>
To put the output in a file called <name>.dir:
B<ls | parallel '(echo -n {}" "; ls {}|wc -l) >> B<{}.dir'>
Even small shell scripts can be run by GNU B<parallel>:
B<find . | parallel 'a={}; name=${a##*/}; upper=$(echo "$name" | tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]"); echo "$name - $upper"'>
B<ls | parallel 'mv {} "$(echo {} | tr "[:upper:]" "[:lower:]")"'>
Given a list of URLs, list all URLs that fail to download. Print the
line number and the URL.
B<cat urlfile | parallel "wget {} 2>>B</dev/null || grep -n {} urlfile">
Create a mirror directory with the same filenames except all files and
symlinks are empty files.
B<cp -rs /the/source/dir mirror_dir; find mirror_dir -type l | parallel -m rm {} '&&' touch {}>
Find the files in a list that do not exist
B<cat file_list | parallel 'if [ ! -e {} ] ; then echo {}; fi'>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Removing file extension when processing files
When processing files removing the file extension using B<{.}> is
often useful.
Create a directory for each zip-file and unzip it in that dir:
B<parallel 'mkdir {.}; cd {.}; unzip ../{}' ::: *.zip>
Recompress all .gz files in current directory using B<bzip2> running 1
job per CPU core in parallel:
B<parallel "zcat {} | bzip2 >>B<{.}.bz2 && rm {}" ::: *.gz>
Convert all WAV files to MP3 using LAME:
B<find sounddir -type f -name '*.wav' | parallel lame {} -o {.}.mp3>
Put all converted in the same directory:
B<find sounddir -type f -name '*.wav' | parallel lame {} -o mydir/{/.}.mp3>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Removing two file extensions when processing files and
calling GNU Parallel from itself
If you have directory with tar.gz files and want these extracted in
the corresponding dir (e.g foo.tar.gz will be extracted in the dir
foo) you can do:
B<ls *.tar.gz| parallel --er {tar} 'echo {tar}|parallel "mkdir -p {.} ; tar -C {.} -xf {.}.tar.gz"'>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Download 10 images for each of the past 30 days
Let us assume a website stores images like:
http://www.example.com/path/to/YYYYMMDD_##.jpg
where YYYYMMDD is the date and ## is the number 01-10. This will
download images for the past 30 days:
B<parallel wget http://www.example.com/path/to/'$(date -d "today -{1} days" +%Y%m%d)_{2}.jpg' ::: $(seq 30) ::: $(seq -w 10)>
B<$(date -d "today -{1} days" +%Y%m%d)> will give the dates in
YYYYMMDD with {1} days subtracted.
=head1 EXAMPLE: Breadth first parallel web crawler/mirrorer
This script below will crawl and mirror a URL in parallel. It
downloads first pages that are 1 click down, then 2 clicks down, then
3; instead of the normal depth first, where the first link link on
each page is fetched first.
Run like this:
B<PARALLEL=-j100 ./parallel-crawl http://gatt.org.yeslab.org/>
Remove the B<wget> part if you only want a web crawler.
It works by fetching a page from a list of URLs and looking for links
in that page that are within the same starting URL and that have not
already been seen. These links are added to a new queue. When all the
pages from the list is done, the new queue is moved to the list of
URLs and the process is started over until no unseen links are found.
#!/bin/bash
# E.g. http://gatt.org.yeslab.org/
URL=$1
# Stay inside the start dir
BASEURL=$(echo $URL | perl -pe 's:#.*::; s:(//.*/)[^/]*:$1:')
URLLIST=$(mktemp urllist.XXXX)
URLLIST2=$(mktemp urllist.XXXX)
SEEN=$(mktemp seen.XXXX)
# Spider to get the URLs
echo $URL >$URLLIST
cp $URLLIST $SEEN
while [ -s $URLLIST ] ; do
cat $URLLIST |
parallel lynx -listonly -image_links -dump {} \; wget -qm -l1 -Q1 {} \; echo Spidered: {} \>\&2 |
perl -ne 's/#.*//; s/\s+\d+.\s(\S+)$/$1/ and do { $seen{$1}++ or print }' |
grep -F $BASEURL |
grep -v -x -F -f $SEEN | tee -a $SEEN > $URLLIST2
mv $URLLIST2 $URLLIST
done
rm -f $URLLIST $URLLIST2 $SEEN
=head1 EXAMPLE: Process files from a tar file while unpacking
If the files to be processed are in a tar file then unpacking one file
and processing it immediately may be faster than first unpacking all
files.
B<tar xvf foo.tgz | perl -ne 'print $l;$l=$_;END{print $l}' |
parallel echo>
The Perl one-liner is needed to avoid race condition.
=head1 EXAMPLE: Rewriting a for-loop and a while-read-loop
for-loops like this:
(for x in `cat list` ; do
do_something $x
done) | process_output
and while-read-loops like this:
cat list | (while read x ; do
do_something $x
done) | process_output
can be written like this:
B<cat list | parallel do_something | process_output>
If the processing requires more steps the for-loop like this:
(for x in `cat list` ; do
no_extension=${x%.*};
do_something $x scale $no_extension.jpg
do_step2 <$x $no_extension
done) | process_output
and while-loops like this:
cat list | (while read x ; do
no_extension=${x%.*};
do_something $x scale $no_extension.jpg
do_step2 <$x $no_extension
done) | process_output
can be written like this:
B<cat list | parallel "do_something {} scale {.}.jpg ; do_step2 <{} {.}" | process_output>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Rewriting nested for-loops
Nested for-loops like this:
(for x in `cat xlist` ; do
for y in `cat ylist` ; do
do_something $x $y
done
done) | process_output
can be written like this:
B<parallel do_something {1} {2} :::: xlist ylist | process_output>
Nested for-loops like this:
(for gender in M F ; do
for size in S M L XL XXL ; do
echo $gender $size
done
done) | sort
can be written like this:
B<parallel echo {1} {2} ::: M F ::: S M L XL XXL | sort>
=head1 EXAMPLE: for-loops with column names
When doing multiple nested for-loops it can be easier to keep track of
the loop variable if is is named instead of just having a number. Use
B<--header :> to let the first argument be an named alias for the
positional replacement string:
parallel --header : echo {gender} {size} ::: gender M F ::: size S M L XL XXL
This also works if the input file is a file with columns:
cat addressbook.tsv | parallel --colsep '\t' --header : echo {Name} {E-mail address}
=head1 EXAMPLE: Using shell variables
When using shell variables you need to quote them correctly as they
may otherwise be split on spaces.
Notice the difference between:
V=("My brother's 12\" records are worth <\$\$\$>"'!' Foo Bar)
parallel echo ::: ${V[@]} # This is probably not what you want
and:
V=("My brother's 12\" records are worth <\$\$\$>"'!' Foo Bar)
parallel echo ::: "${V[@]}"
When using variables in the actual command that contains special
characters (e.g. space) you can quote them using B<'"$VAR"'> or using
"'s and B<-q>:
V="Here are two "
parallel echo "'$V'" ::: spaces
parallel -q echo "$V" ::: spaces
=head1 EXAMPLE: Group output lines
When running jobs that output data, you often do not want the output
of multiple jobs to run together. GNU B<parallel> defaults to grouping the
output of each job, so the output is printed when the job finishes. If
you want the output to be printed while the job is running you can use
B<-u>.
Compare the output of:
B<parallel traceroute ::: foss.org.my debian.org freenetproject.org>
to the output of:
B<parallel -u traceroute ::: foss.org.my debian.org freenetproject.org>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Tag output lines
GNU B<parallel> groups the output lines, but it can be hard to see
where the different jobs begin. B<--tag> prepends the argument to make
that more visible:
B<parallel --tag traceroute ::: foss.org.my debian.org freenetproject.org>
Check the uptime of the servers in I<~/.parallel/sshloginfile>:
B<parallel --tag -S .. --nonall uptime>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Keep order of output same as order of input
Normally the output of a job will be printed as soon as it
completes. Sometimes you want the order of the output to remain the
same as the order of the input. This is often important, if the output
is used as input for another system. B<-k> will make sure the order of
output will be in the same order as input even if later jobs end
before earlier jobs.
Append a string to every line in a text file:
B<cat textfile | parallel -k echo {} append_string>
If you remove B<-k> some of the lines may come out in the wrong order.
Another example is B<traceroute>:
B<parallel traceroute ::: foss.org.my debian.org freenetproject.org>
will give traceroute of foss.org.my, debian.org and
freenetproject.org, but it will be sorted according to which job
completed first.
To keep the order the same as input run:
B<parallel -k traceroute ::: foss.org.my debian.org freenetproject.org>
This will make sure the traceroute to foss.org.my will be printed
first.
A bit more complex example is downloading a huge file in chunks in
parallel: Some internet connections will deliver more data if you
download files in parallel. For downloading files in parallel see:
"EXAMPLE: Download 10 images for each of the past 30 days". But if you
are downloading a big file you can download the file in chunks in
parallel.
To download byte 10000000-19999999 you can use B<curl>:
B<curl -r 10000000-19999999 http://example.com/the/big/file> > B<file.part>
To download a 1 GB file we need 100 10MB chunks downloaded and
combined in the correct order.
B<seq 0 99 | parallel -k curl -r \
{}0000000-{}9999999 http://example.com/the/big/file> > B<file>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Parallel grep
B<grep -r> greps recursively through directories. On multicore CPUs
GNU B<parallel> can often speed this up.
B<find . -type f | parallel -k -j150% -n 1000 -m grep -H -n STRING {}>
This will run 1.5 job per core, and give 1000 arguments to B<grep>.
To grep a big file in parallel use B<--pipe>:
B<cat bigfile | parallel --pipe grep foo>
Depending on your disks and CPUs it may be faster to read larger blocks:
B<cat bigfile | parallel --pipe --block 10M grep foo>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Using remote computers
To run commands on a remote computer SSH needs to be set up and you
must be able to login without entering a password (The commands
B<ssh-copy-id> and B<ssh-agent> may help you do that).
To run B<echo> on B<server.example.com>:
seq 10 | parallel --sshlogin server.example.com echo
To run commands on more than one remote computer run:
seq 10 | parallel --sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.net echo
Or:
seq 10 | parallel --sshlogin server.example.com \
--sshlogin server2.example.net echo
If the login username is I<foo> on I<server2.example.net> use:
seq 10 | parallel --sshlogin server.example.com \
--sshlogin foo@server2.example.net echo
To distribute the commands to a list of computers, make a file
I<mycomputers> with all the computers:
server.example.com
foo@server2.example.com
server3.example.com
Then run:
seq 10 | parallel --sshloginfile mycomputers echo
To include the local computer add the special sshlogin ':' to the list:
server.example.com
foo@server2.example.com
server3.example.com
:
GNU B<parallel> will try to determine the number of CPU cores on each
of the remote computers, and run one job per CPU core - even if the
remote computers do not have the same number of CPU cores.
If the number of CPU cores on the remote computers is not identified
correctly the number of CPU cores can be added in front. Here the
computer has 8 CPU cores.
seq 10 | parallel --sshlogin 8/server.example.com echo
=head1 EXAMPLE: Transferring of files
To recompress gzipped files with B<bzip2> using a remote computer run:
find logs/ -name '*.gz' | \
parallel --sshlogin server.example.com \
--transfer "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2"
This will list the .gz-files in the I<logs> directory and all
directories below. Then it will transfer the files to
I<server.example.com> to the corresponding directory in
I<$HOME/logs>. On I<server.example.com> the file will be recompressed
using B<zcat> and B<bzip2> resulting in the corresponding file with
I<.gz> replaced with I<.bz2>.
If you want the resulting bz2-file to be transferred back to the local
computer add I<--return {.}.bz2>:
find logs/ -name '*.gz' | \
parallel --sshlogin server.example.com \
--transfer --return {.}.bz2 "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2"
After the recompressing is done the I<.bz2>-file is transferred back to
the local computer and put next to the original I<.gz>-file.
If you want to delete the transferred files on the remote computer add
I<--cleanup>. This will remove both the file transferred to the remote
computer and the files transferred from the remote computer:
find logs/ -name '*.gz' | \
parallel --sshlogin server.example.com \
--transfer --return {.}.bz2 --cleanup "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2"
If you want run on several computers add the computers to I<--sshlogin>
either using ',' or multiple I<--sshlogin>:
find logs/ -name '*.gz' | \
parallel --sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.com \
--sshlogin server3.example.com \
--transfer --return {.}.bz2 --cleanup "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2"
You can add the local computer using I<--sshlogin :>. This will disable the
removing and transferring for the local computer only:
find logs/ -name '*.gz' | \
parallel --sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.com \
--sshlogin server3.example.com \
--sshlogin : \
--transfer --return {.}.bz2 --cleanup "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2"
Often I<--transfer>, I<--return> and I<--cleanup> are used together. They can be
shortened to I<--trc>:
find logs/ -name '*.gz' | \
parallel --sshlogin server.example.com,server2.example.com \
--sshlogin server3.example.com \
--sshlogin : \
--trc {.}.bz2 "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2"
With the file I<mycomputers> containing the list of computers it becomes:
find logs/ -name '*.gz' | parallel --sshloginfile mycomputers \
--trc {.}.bz2 "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2"
If the file I<~/.parallel/sshloginfile> contains the list of computers
the special short hand I<-S ..> can be used:
find logs/ -name '*.gz' | parallel -S .. \
--trc {.}.bz2 "zcat {} | bzip2 -9 >{.}.bz2"
=head1 EXAMPLE: Distributing work to local and remote computers
Convert *.mp3 to *.ogg running one process per CPU core on local computer and server2:
parallel --trc {.}.ogg -S server2,: \
'mpg321 -w - {} | oggenc -q0 - -o {.}.ogg' ::: *.mp3
=head1 EXAMPLE: Running the same command on remote computers
To run the command B<uptime> on remote computers you can do:
B<parallel --tag --nonall -S server1,server2 uptime>
B<--nonall> reads no arguments. If you have a list of jobs you want
run on each computer you can do:
B<parallel --tag --onall -S server1,server2 echo ::: 1 2 3>
Remove B<--tag> if you do not want the sshlogin added before the
output.
If you have a lot of hosts use '-j0' to access more hosts in parallel.
=head1 EXAMPLE: Parallelizing rsync
B<rsync> is a great tool, but sometimes it will not fill up the
available bandwidth. This is often a problem when copying several big
files over high speed connections.
The following will start one B<rsync> per big file in I<src-dir> to
I<dest-dir> on the server I<fooserver>:
B<find src-dir -type f -size +100000 | parallel -v ssh fooserver
mkdir -p /dest-dir/{//}\;rsync -Havessh {} fooserver:/dest-dir/{}>
The dirs created may end up with wrong permissions and smaller files
are not being transferred. To fix those run B<rsync> a final time:
B<rsync -Havessh src-dir/ fooserver:/dest-dir/>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Use multiple inputs in one command
Copy files like foo.es.ext to foo.ext:
B<ls *.es.* | perl -pe 'print; s/\.es//' | parallel -N2 cp {1} {2}>
The perl command spits out 2 lines for each input. GNU B<parallel>
takes 2 inputs (using B<-N2>) and replaces {1} and {2} with the inputs.
Count in binary:
B<parallel -k echo ::: 0 1 ::: 0 1 ::: 0 1 ::: 0 1 ::: 0 1 ::: 0 1>
Print the number on the opposing sides of a six sided die:
B<parallel --xapply -a <(seq 6) -a <(seq 6 -1 1) echo>
B<parallel --xapply echo :::: <(seq 6) <(seq 6 -1 1)>
Convert files from all subdirs to PNG-files with consecutive numbers
(useful for making input PNG's for B<ffmpeg>):
B<parallel --xapply -a <(find . -type f | sort) -a <(seq $(find . -type f|wc -l)) convert {1} {2}.png>
Alternative version:
B<find . -type f | sort | parallel convert {} {#}.png>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Use a table as input
Content of table_file.tsv:
foo<TAB>bar
baz <TAB> quux
To run:
cmd -o bar -i foo
cmd -o quux -i baz
you can run:
B<parallel -a table_file.tsv --colsep '\t' cmd -o {2} -i {1}>
Note: The default for GNU B<parallel> is to remove the spaces around the columns. To keep the spaces:
B<parallel -a table_file.tsv --trim n --colsep '\t' cmd -o {2} -i {1}>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Run the same command 10 times
If you want to run the same command with the same arguments 10 times
in parallel you can do:
B<seq 10 | parallel -n0 my_command my_args>
=head1 EXAMPLE: Working as cat | sh. Resource inexpensive jobs and evaluation
GNU B<parallel> can work similar to B<cat | sh>.
A resource inexpensive job is a job that takes very little CPU, disk
I/O and network I/O. Ping is an example of a resource inexpensive
job. wget is too - if the webpages are small.
The content of the file jobs_to_run:
ping -c 1 10.0.0.1
wget http://example.com/status.cgi?ip=10.0.0.1
ping -c 1 10.0.0.2
wget http://example.com/status.cgi?ip=10.0.0.2
...
ping -c 1 10.0.0.255
wget http://example.com/status.cgi?ip=10.0.0.255
To run 100 processes simultaneously do:
B<parallel -j 100 < jobs_to_run>
As there is not a I<command> the jobs will be evaluated by the shell.
=head1 EXAMPLE: Processing a big file using more cores
To process a big file or some output you can use B<--pipe> to split up
the data into blocks and pipe the blocks into the processing program.
If the program is B<gzip -9> you can do:
B<cat bigfile | parallel --pipe --recend '' -k gzip -9 >>B<bigfile.gz>
This will split B<bigfile> into blocks of 1 MB and pass that to B<gzip
-9> in parallel. One B<gzip> will be run per CPU core. The output of
B<gzip -9> will be kept in order and saved to B<bigfile.gz>
B<gzip> works fine if the output is appended, but some processing does
not work like that - for example sorting. For this GNU B<parallel> can
put the output of each command into a file. This will sort a big file
in parallel:
B<cat bigfile | parallel --pipe --files sort | parallel -Xj1 sort -m {} ';' rm {} >>B<bigfile.sort>
Here B<bigfile> is split into blocks of around 1MB, each block ending
in '\n' (which is the default for B<--recend>). Each block is passed
to B<sort> and the output from B<sort> is saved into files. These
files are passed to the second B<parallel> that runs B<sort -m> on the
files before it removes the files. The output is saved to
B<bigfile.sort>.
=head1 EXAMPLE: Working as mutex and counting semaphore
The command B<sem> is an alias for B<parallel --semaphore>.
A counting semaphore will allow a given number of jobs to be started
in the background. When the number of jobs are running in the
background, GNU B<sem> will wait for one of these to complete before
starting another command. B<sem --wait> will wait for all jobs to
complete.
Run 10 jobs concurrently in the background:
for i in *.log ; do
echo $i
sem -j10 gzip $i ";" echo done
done
sem --wait
A mutex is a counting semaphore allowing only one job to run. This
will edit the file I<myfile> and prepends the file with lines with the
numbers 1 to 3.
seq 3 | parallel sem sed -i -e 'i{}' myfile
As I<myfile> can be very big it is important only one process edits
the file at the same time.
Name the semaphore to have multiple different semaphores active at the
same time:
seq 3 | parallel sem --id mymutex sed -i -e 'i{}' myfile
=head1 EXAMPLE: Start editor with filenames from stdin (standard input)
You can use GNU B<parallel> to start interactive programs like emacs or vi:
B<cat filelist | parallel --tty -X emacs>
B<cat filelist | parallel --tty -X vi>
If there are more files than will fit on a single command line, the
editor will be started again with the remaining files.
=head1 EXAMPLE: Running sudo
B<sudo> requires a password to run a command as root. It caches the
access, so you only need to enter the password again if you have not
used B<sudo> for a while.
The command:
parallel sudo echo ::: This is a bad idea
is no good, as you would be prompted for the sudo password for each of
the jobs. You can either do:
sudo echo This
parallel sudo echo ::: is a good idea
or:
sudo parallel echo ::: This is a good idea
This way you only have to enter the sudo password once.
=head1 EXAMPLE: GNU Parallel as queue system/batch manager
GNU B<parallel> can work as a simple job queue system or batch manager.
The idea is to put the jobs into a file and have GNU B<parallel> read
from that continuously. As GNU B<parallel> will stop at end of file we
use B<tail> to continue reading:
B<echo >>B<jobqueue>; B<tail -f jobqueue | parallel>
To submit your jobs to the queue:
B<echo my_command my_arg >>>B< jobqueue>
You can of course use B<-S> to distribute the jobs to remote
computers:
B<echo >>B<jobqueue>; B<tail -f jobqueue | parallel -S ..>
There are a two small issues when using GNU B<parallel> as queue
system/batch manager:
=over 2
=item *
You will get a warning if you do not submit JobSlots jobs within the
first second. E.g. if you have 8 cores and use B<-j+2> you have to submit
10 jobs. These can be dummy jobs (e.g. B<echo foo>). You can also simply
ignore the warning.
=item *
Jobs will be run immediately, but output from jobs will only be
printed when JobSlots more jobs has been started. E.g. if you have 10
jobslots then the output from the first completed job will only be
printed when job 11 is started.
=back
=head1 EXAMPLE: GNU Parallel as dir processor
If you have a dir in which users drop files that needs to be processed
you can do this on GNU/Linux (If you know what B<inotifywait> is
called on other platforms file a bug report):
B<inotifywait -q -m -r -e MOVED_TO -e CLOSE_WRITE --format %w%f my_dir | parallel
-u echo>
This will run the command B<echo> on each file put into B<my_dir> or
subdirs of B<my_dir>.
The B<-u> is needed because of a small bug in GNU B<parallel>. If that
proves to be a problem, file a bug report.
You can of course use B<-S> to distribute the jobs to remote
computers:
B<inotifywait -q -m -r -e MOVED_TO -e CLOSE_WRITE --format %w%f my_dir
| parallel -S .. -u echo>
If the files to be processed are in a tar file then unpacking one file
and processing it immediately may be faster than first unpacking all
files. Set up the dir processor as above and unpack into the dir.
=head1 QUOTING
GNU B<parallel> is very liberal in quoting. You only need to quote
characters that have special meaning in shell:
( ) $ ` ' " < > ; | \
and depending on context these needs to be quoted, too:
* ~ & # ! ? space * {
Therefore most people will never need more quoting than putting '\'
in front of the special characters.
However, when you want to use a shell variable you need to quote the
$-sign. Here is an example using $PARALLEL_SEQ. This variable is set
by GNU B<parallel> itself, so the evaluation of the $ must be done by
the sub shell started by GNU B<parallel>:
B<seq 10 | parallel -N2 echo seq:\$PARALLEL_SEQ arg1:{1} arg2:{2}>
If the variable is set before GNU B<parallel> starts you can do this:
B<VAR=this_is_set_before_starting>
B<echo test | parallel echo {} $VAR>
Prints: B<test this_is_set_before_starting>
It is a little more tricky if the variable contains more than one space in a row:
B<VAR="two spaces between each word">
B<echo test | parallel echo {} \'"$VAR"\'>
Prints: B<test two spaces between each word>
If the variable should not be evaluated by the shell starting GNU
B<parallel> but be evaluated by the sub shell started by GNU
B<parallel>, then you need to quote it:
B<echo test | parallel VAR=this_is_set_after_starting \; echo {} \$VAR>
Prints: B<test this_is_set_after_starting>
It is a little more tricky if the variable contains space:
B<echo test | parallel VAR='"two spaces between each word"' echo {} \'"$VAR"\'>
Prints: B<test two spaces between each word>
$$ is the shell variable containing the process id of the shell. This
will print the process id of the shell running GNU B<parallel>:
B<seq 10 | parallel echo $$>
And this will print the process ids of the sub shells started by GNU
B<parallel>.
B<seq 10 | parallel echo \$\$>
If the special characters should not be evaluated by the sub shell
then you need to protect it against evaluation from both the shell
starting GNU B<parallel> and the sub shell:
B<echo test | parallel echo {} \\\$VAR>
Prints: B<test $VAR>
GNU B<parallel> can protect against evaluation by the sub shell by
using -q:
B<echo test | parallel -q echo {} \$VAR>
Prints: B<test $VAR>
This is particularly useful if you have lots of quoting. If you want to run a perl script like this:
B<perl -ne '/^\S+\s+\S+$/ and print $ARGV,"\n"' file>
It needs to be quoted like this:
B<ls | parallel perl -ne '/^\\S+\\s+\\S+\$/\ and\ print\ \$ARGV,\"\\n\"'>
Notice how spaces, \'s, "'s, and $'s need to be quoted. GNU B<parallel>
can do the quoting by using option -q:
B<ls | parallel -q perl -ne '/^\S+\s+\S+$/ and print $ARGV,"\n"'>
However, this means you cannot make the sub shell interpret special
characters. For example because of B<-q> this WILL NOT WORK:
B<ls *.gz | parallel -q "zcat {} >>B<{.}">
B<ls *.gz | parallel -q "zcat {} | bzip2 >>B<{.}.bz2">
because > and | need to be interpreted by the sub shell.
If you get errors like:
sh: -c: line 0: syntax error near unexpected token
sh: Syntax error: Unterminated quoted string
sh: -c: line 0: unexpected EOF while looking for matching `''
sh: -c: line 1: syntax error: unexpected end of file
then you might try using B<-q>.
If you are using B<bash> process substitution like B<<(cat foo)> then
you may try B<-q> and prepending I<command> with B<bash -c>:
B<ls | parallel -q bash -c 'wc -c <(echo {})'>
Or for substituting output:
B<ls | parallel -q bash -c 'tar c {} | tee >>B<(gzip >>B<{}.tar.gz) | bzip2 >>B<{}.tar.bz2'>
B<Conclusion>: To avoid dealing with the quoting problems it may be
easier just to write a small script and have GNU B<parallel> call that
script.
=head1 LIST RUNNING JOBS
If you want a list of the jobs currently running you can run:
B<killall -USR1 parallel>
GNU B<parallel> will then print the currently running jobs on stderr
(standard error).
=head1 COMPLETE RUNNING JOBS BUT DO NOT START NEW JOBS
If you regret starting a lot of jobs you can simply break GNU B<parallel>,
but if you want to make sure you do not have half-completed jobs you
should send the signal B<SIGTERM> to GNU B<parallel>:
B<killall -TERM parallel>
This will tell GNU B<parallel> to not start any new jobs, but wait until
the currently running jobs are finished before exiting.
=head1 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
=over 9
=item $PARALLEL_PID
The environment variable $PARALLEL_PID is set by GNU B<parallel> and
is visible to the jobs started from GNU B<parallel>. This makes it
possible for the jobs to communicate directly to GNU B<parallel>.
Remember to quote the $, so it gets evaluated by the correct
shell.
B<Example:> If each of the jobs tests a solution and one of jobs finds
the solution the job can tell GNU B<parallel> not to start more jobs
by: B<kill -TERM $PARALLEL_PID>. This only works on the local
computer.
=item $PARALLEL_SEQ
$PARALLEL_SEQ will be set to the sequence number of the job
running. Remember to quote the $, so it gets evaluated by the correct
shell.
B<Example:>
B<seq 10 | parallel -N2 echo seq:'$'PARALLEL_SEQ arg1:{1} arg2:{2}>
=item $TMPDIR
Directory for temporary files. See: B<--tmpdir>.
=item $PARALLEL
The environment variable $PARALLEL will be used as default options for
GNU B<parallel>. If the variable contains special shell characters
(e.g. $, *, or space) then these need to be to be escaped with \.
B<Example:>
B<cat list | parallel -j1 -k -v ls>
can be written as:
B<cat list | PARALLEL="-kvj1" parallel ls>
B<cat list | parallel -j1 -k -v -S"myssh user@server" ls>
can be written as:
B<cat list | PARALLEL='-kvj1 -S myssh\ user@server' parallel echo>
Notice the \ in the middle is needed because 'myssh' and 'user@server'
must be one argument.
=back
=head1 DEFAULT PROFILE (CONFIG FILE)
The file ~/.parallel/config (formerly known as .parallelrc) will be
read if it exists. Lines starting with '#' will be ignored. It can be
formatted like the environment variable $PARALLEL, but it is often
easier to simply put each option on its own line.
Options on the command line takes precedence over the environment
variable $PARALLEL which takes precedence over the file
~/.parallel/config.
=head1 PROFILE FILES
If B<--profile> set, GNU B<parallel> will read the profile from that file instead of
~/.parallel/config. You can have multiple B<--profiles>.
Example: Profile for running a command on every sshlogin in
~/.ssh/sshlogins and prepend the output with the sshlogin:
echo --tag -S .. --nonall > ~/.parallel/n
parallel -Jn uptime
Example: Profile for running every command with B<-j-1> and B<nice>
echo -j-1 nice > ~/.parallel/nice_profile
parallel -J nice_profile bzip2 -9 ::: *
Example: Profile for running a perl script before every command:
echo "perl -e '\$a=\$\$; print \$a,\" \",'\$PARALLEL_SEQ',\" \";';" > ~/.parallel/pre_perl
parallel -J pre_perl echo ::: *
Note how the $ and " need to be quoted using \.
Example: Profile for running distributed jobs with B<nice> on the
remote computers:
echo -S .. nice > ~/.parallel/dist
parallel -J dist --trc {.}.bz2 bzip2 -9 ::: *
=head1 EXIT STATUS
If B<--halt-on-error> 0 or not specified:
=over 6
=item 0
All jobs ran without error.
=item 1-253
Some of the jobs failed. The exit status gives the number of failed jobs
=item 254
More than 253 jobs failed.
=item 255
Other error.
=back
If B<--halt-on-error> 1 or 2: Exit status of the failing job.
=head1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GNU Parallel AND ALTERNATIVES
There are a lot programs with some of the functionality of GNU
B<parallel>. GNU B<parallel> strives to include the best of the
functionality without sacrificing ease of use.
=head2 SUMMARY TABLE
The following features are in some of the comparable tools:
Inputs
I1. Arguments can be read from stdin
I2. Arguments can be read from a file
I3. Arguments can be read from multiple files
I4. Arguments can be read from command line
I5. Arguments can be read from a table
I6. Arguments can be read from the same file using #! (shebang)
I7. Line oriented input as default (Quoting of special chars not needed)
Manipulation of input
M1. Composed command
M2. Multiple arguments can fill up an execution line
M3. Arguments can be put anywhere in the execution line
M4. Multiple arguments can be put anywhere in the execution line
M5. Arguments can be replaced with context
M6. Input can be treated as complete execution line
Outputs
O1. Grouping output so output from different jobs do not mix
O2. Send stderr (standard error) to stderr (standard error)
O3. Send stdout (standard output) to stdout (standard output)
O4. Order of output can be same as order of input
O5. Stdout only contains stdout (standard output) from the command
O6. Stderr only contains stderr (standard error) from the command
Execution
E1. Running jobs in parallel
E2. List running jobs
E3. Finish running jobs, but do not start new jobs
E4. Number of running jobs can depend on number of cpus
E5. Finish running jobs, but do not start new jobs after first failure
E6. Number of running jobs can be adjusted while running
Remote execution
R1. Jobs can be run on remote computers
R2. Basefiles can be transferred
R3. Argument files can be transferred
R4. Result files can be transferred
R5. Cleanup of transferred files
R6. No config files needed
R7. Do not run more than SSHD's MaxStartup can handle
R8. Configurable SSH command
R9. Retry if connection breaks occasionally
Semaphore
S1. Possibility to work as a mutex
S2. Possibility to work as a counting semaphore
Legend
- = no
x = not applicable
ID = yes
As every new version of the programs are not tested the table may be
outdated. Please file a bug-report if you find errors (See REPORTING
BUGS).
parallel:
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9
S1 S2
xargs:
I1 I2 - - - - -
- M2 M3 - - -
- O2 O3 - O5 O6
E1 - - - - -
- - - - - x - - -
- -
find -exec:
- - - x - x -
- M2 M3 - - - -
- O2 O3 O4 O5 O6
- - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - -
x x
make -j:
- - - - - - -
- - - - - -
O1 O2 O3 - x O6
E1 - - - E5 -
- - - - - - - - -
- -
ppss:
I1 I2 - - - - I7
M1 - M3 - - M6
O1 - - x - -
E1 E2 ?E3 E4 - -
R1 R2 R3 R4 - - ?R7 ? ?
- -
pexec:
I1 I2 - I4 I5 - -
M1 - M3 - - M6
O1 O2 O3 - O5 O6
E1 - - E4 - E6
R1 - - - - R6 - - -
S1 -
xjobs: TODO - Please file a bug-report if you know what features xjobs
supports (See REPORTING BUGS).
prll: TODO - Please file a bug-report if you know what features prll
supports (See REPORTING BUGS).
dxargs: TODO - Please file a bug-report if you know what features dxargs
supports (See REPORTING BUGS).
mdm/middelman: TODO - Please file a bug-report if you know what
features mdm/middelman supports (See REPORTING BUGS).
xapply: TODO - Please file a bug-report if you know what features xapply
supports (See REPORTING BUGS).
paexec: TODO - Please file a bug-report if you know what features paexec
supports (See REPORTING BUGS).
ClusterSSH: TODO - Please file a bug-report if you know what features ClusterSSH
supports (See REPORTING BUGS).
=head2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN xargs AND GNU Parallel
B<xargs> offer some of the same possibilities as GNU B<parallel>.
B<xargs> deals badly with special characters (such as space, ' and
"). To see the problem try this:
touch important_file
touch 'not important_file'
ls not* | xargs rm
mkdir -p "My brother's 12\" records"
ls | xargs rmdir
You can specify B<-0> or B<-d "\n">, but many input generators are not
optimized for using B<NUL> as separator but are optimized for
B<newline> as separator. E.g B<head>, B<tail>, B<awk>, B<ls>, B<echo>,
B<sed>, B<tar -v>, B<perl> (B<-0> and \0 instead of \n), B<locate>
(requires using B<-0>), B<find> (requires using B<-print0>), B<grep>
(requires user to use B<-z> or B<-Z>), B<sort> (requires using B<-z>).
So GNU B<parallel>'s newline separation can be emulated with:
B<cat | xargs -d "\n" -n1 I<command>>
B<xargs> can run a given number of jobs in parallel, but has no
support for running number-of-cpu-cores jobs in parallel.
B<xargs> has no support for grouping the output, therefore output may
run together, e.g. the first half of a line is from one process and
the last half of the line is from another process. The example
B<Parallel grep> cannot be done reliably with B<xargs> because of
this. To see this in action try:
parallel perl -e '\$a=\"1{}\"x10000000\;print\ \$a,\"\\n\"' '>' {} ::: a b c d e f
ls -l a b c d e f
parallel -kP4 -n1 grep 1 > out.par ::: a b c d e f
echo a b c d e f | xargs -P4 -n1 grep 1 > out.xargs-unbuf
echo a b c d e f | xargs -P4 -n1 grep --line-buffered 1 > out.xargs-linebuf
echo a b c d e f | xargs -n1 grep --line-buffered 1 > out.xargs-serial
ls -l out*
md5sum out*
B<xargs> has no support for keeping the order of the output, therefore
if running jobs in parallel using B<xargs> the output of the second
job cannot be postponed till the first job is done.
B<xargs> has no support for running jobs on remote computers.
B<xargs> has no support for context replace, so you will have to create the
arguments.
If you use a replace string in B<xargs> (B<-I>) you can not force
B<xargs> to use more than one argument.
Quoting in B<xargs> works like B<-q> in GNU B<parallel>. This means
composed commands and redirection require using B<bash -c>.
B<ls | parallel "wc {} >> B<{}.wc">
becomes (assuming you have 8 cores)
B<ls | xargs -d "\n" -P8 -I {} bash -c "wc {} >>B< {}.wc">
and
B<ls | parallel "echo {}; ls {}|wc">
becomes (assuming you have 8 cores)
B<ls | xargs -d "\n" -P8 -I {} bash -c "echo {}; ls {}|wc">
=head2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN find -exec AND GNU Parallel
B<find -exec> offer some of the same possibilities as GNU B<parallel>.
B<find -exec> only works on files. So processing other input (such as
hosts or URLs) will require creating these inputs as files. B<find
-exec> has no support for running commands in parallel.
=head2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN make -j AND GNU Parallel
B<make -j> can run jobs in parallel, but requires a crafted Makefile
to do this. That results in extra quoting to get filename containing
newline to work correctly.
B<make -j> has no support for grouping the output, therefore output
may run together, e.g. the first half of a line is from one process
and the last half of the line is from another process. The example
B<Parallel grep> cannot be done reliably with B<make -j> because of
this.
(Very early versions of GNU B<parallel> were coincidently implemented
using B<make -j>).
=head2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ppss AND GNU Parallel
B<ppss> is also a tool for running jobs in parallel.
The output of B<ppss> is status information and thus not useful for
using as input for another command. The output from the jobs are put
into files.
The argument replace string ($ITEM) cannot be changed. Arguments must
be quoted - thus arguments containing special characters (space '"&!*)
may cause problems. More than one argument is not supported. File
names containing newlines are not processed correctly. When reading
input from a file null cannot be used as a terminator. B<ppss> needs
to read the whole input file before starting any jobs.
Output and status information is stored in ppss_dir and thus requires
cleanup when completed. If the dir is not removed before running
B<ppss> again it may cause nothing to happen as B<ppss> thinks the
task is already done. GNU B<parallel> will normally not need cleaning
up if running locally and will only need cleaning up if stopped
abnormally and running remote (B<--cleanup> may not complete if
stopped abnormally). The example B<Parallel grep> would require extra
postprocessing if written using B<ppss>.
For remote systems PPSS requires 3 steps: config, deploy, and
start. GNU B<parallel> only requires one step.
=head3 EXAMPLES FROM ppss MANUAL
Here are the examples from B<ppss>'s manual page with the equivalent
using GNU B<parallel>:
B<1> ./ppss.sh standalone -d /path/to/files -c 'gzip '
B<1> find /path/to/files -type f | parallel gzip
B<2> ./ppss.sh standalone -d /path/to/files -c 'cp "$ITEM" /destination/dir '
B<2> find /path/to/files -type f | parallel cp {} /destination/dir
B<3> ./ppss.sh standalone -f list-of-urls.txt -c 'wget -q '
B<3> parallel -a list-of-urls.txt wget -q
B<4> ./ppss.sh standalone -f list-of-urls.txt -c 'wget -q "$ITEM"'
B<4> parallel -a list-of-urls.txt wget -q {}
B<5> ./ppss config -C config.cfg -c 'encode.sh ' -d /source/dir -m
192.168.1.100 -u ppss -k ppss-key.key -S ./encode.sh -n nodes.txt -o
/some/output/dir --upload --download ; ./ppss deploy -C config.cfg ;
./ppss start -C config
B<5> # parallel does not use configs. If you want a different username put it in nodes.txt: user@hostname
B<5> find source/dir -type f | parallel --sshloginfile nodes.txt --trc {.}.mp3 lame -a {} -o {.}.mp3 --preset standard --quiet
B<6> ./ppss stop -C config.cfg
B<6> killall -TERM parallel
B<7> ./ppss pause -C config.cfg
B<7> Press: CTRL-Z or killall -SIGTSTP parallel
B<8> ./ppss continue -C config.cfg
B<8> Enter: fg or killall -SIGCONT parallel
B<9> ./ppss.sh status -C config.cfg
B<9> killall -SIGUSR2 parallel
=head2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN pexec AND GNU Parallel
B<pexec> is also a tool for running jobs in parallel.
Here are the examples from B<pexec>'s info page with the equivalent
using GNU B<parallel>:
B<1> pexec -o sqrt-%s.dat -p "$(seq 10)" -e NUM -n 4 -c -- \
'echo "scale=10000;sqrt($NUM)" | bc'
B<1> seq 10 | parallel -j4 'echo "scale=10000;sqrt({})" | bc > sqrt-{}.dat'
B<2> pexec -p "$(ls myfiles*.ext)" -i %s -o %s.sort -- sort
B<2> ls myfiles*.ext | parallel sort {} ">{}.sort"
B<3> pexec -f image.list -n auto -e B -u star.log -c -- \
'fistar $B.fits -f 100 -F id,x,y,flux -o $B.star'
B<3> parallel -a image.list \
'fistar {}.fits -f 100 -F id,x,y,flux -o {}.star' 2>star.log
B<4> pexec -r *.png -e IMG -c -o - -- \
'convert $IMG ${IMG%.png}.jpeg ; "echo $IMG: done"'
B<4> ls *.png | parallel 'convert {} {.}.jpeg; echo {}: done'
B<5> pexec -r *.png -i %s -o %s.jpg -c 'pngtopnm | pnmtojpeg'
B<5> ls *.png | parallel 'pngtopnm < {} | pnmtojpeg > {}.jpg'
B<6> for p in *.png ; do echo ${p%.png} ; done | \
pexec -f - -i %s.png -o %s.jpg -c 'pngtopnm | pnmtojpeg'
B<6> ls *.png | parallel 'pngtopnm < {} | pnmtojpeg > {.}.jpg'
B<7> LIST=$(for p in *.png ; do echo ${p%.png} ; done)
pexec -r $LIST -i %s.png -o %s.jpg -c 'pngtopnm | pnmtojpeg'
B<7> ls *.png | parallel 'pngtopnm < {} | pnmtojpeg > {.}.jpg'
B<8> pexec -n 8 -r *.jpg -y unix -e IMG -c \
'pexec -j -m blockread -d $IMG | \
jpegtopnm | pnmscale 0.5 | pnmtojpeg | \
pexec -j -m blockwrite -s th_$IMG'
B<8> Combining GNU B<parallel> and GNU B<sem>.
B<8> ls *jpg | parallel -j8 'sem --id blockread cat {} | jpegtopnm |' \
'pnmscale 0.5 | pnmtojpeg | sem --id blockwrite cat > th_{}'
B<8> If reading and writing is done to the same disk, this may be
faster as only one process will be either reading or writing:
B<8> ls *jpg | parallel -j8 'sem --id diskio cat {} | jpegtopnm |' \
'pnmscale 0.5 | pnmtojpeg | sem --id diskio cat > th_{}'
=head2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN xjobs AND GNU Parallel
B<xjobs> is also a tool for running jobs in parallel. It only supports
running jobs on your local computer.
B<xjobs> deals badly with special characters just like B<xargs>. See
the section B<DIFFERENCES BETWEEN xargs AND GNU Parallel>.
Here are the examples from B<xjobs>'s man page with the equivalent
using GNU B<parallel>:
B<1> ls -1 *.zip | xjobs unzip
B<1> ls *.zip | parallel unzip
B<2> ls -1 *.zip | xjobs -n unzip
B<2> ls *.zip | parallel unzip >/dev/null
B<3> find . -name '*.bak' | xjobs gzip
B<3> find . -name '*.bak' | parallel gzip
B<4> ls -1 *.jar | sed 's/\(.*\)/\1 > \1.idx/' | xjobs jar tf
B<4> ls *.jar | parallel jar tf {} '>' {}.idx
B<5> xjobs -s script
B<5> cat script | parallel
B<6> mkfifo /var/run/my_named_pipe;
xjobs -s /var/run/my_named_pipe &
echo unzip 1.zip >> /var/run/my_named_pipe;
echo tar cf /backup/myhome.tar /home/me >> /var/run/my_named_pipe
B<6> mkfifo /var/run/my_named_pipe;
cat /var/run/my_named_pipe | parallel &
echo unzip 1.zip >> /var/run/my_named_pipe;
echo tar cf /backup/myhome.tar /home/me >> /var/run/my_named_pipe
=head2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN prll AND GNU Parallel
B<prll> is also a tool for running jobs in parallel. It does not
support running jobs on remote computers.
B<prll> encourages using BASH aliases and BASH functions instead of
scripts. GNU B<parallel> will never support running aliases (see why
http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=484296). However, scripts,
composed commands, or functions exported with B<export -f> work just
fine.
B<prll> generates a lot of status information on stderr (standard
error) which makes it harder to use the stderr (standard error) output
of the job directly as input for another program.
Here is the example from B<prll>'s man page with the equivalent
using GNU B<parallel>:
prll -s 'mogrify -flip $1' *.jpg
parallel mogrify -flip ::: *.jpg
=head2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN dxargs AND GNU Parallel
B<dxargs> is also a tool for running jobs in parallel.
B<dxargs> does not deal well with more simultaneous jobs than SSHD's
MaxStartup. B<dxargs> is only built for remote run jobs, but does not
support transferring of files.
=head2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN mdm/middleman AND GNU Parallel
middleman(mdm) is also a tool for running jobs in parallel.
Here are the shellscripts of http://mdm.berlios.de/usage.html ported
to GNU B<parallel>:
B<seq 19 | parallel buffon -o - | sort -n >>B< result>
B<cat files | parallel cmd>
B<find dir -execdir sem cmd {} \;>
=head2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN xapply AND GNU Parallel
B<xapply> can run jobs in parallel on the local computer.
Here are the examples from B<xapply>'s man page with the equivalent
using GNU B<parallel>:
B<1> xapply '(cd %1 && make all)' */
B<1> parallel 'cd {} && make all' ::: */
B<2> xapply -f 'diff %1 ../version5/%1' manifest | more
B<2> parallel diff {} ../version5/{} < manifest | more
B<3> xapply -p/dev/null -f 'diff %1 %2' manifest1 checklist1
B<3> parallel --xapply diff {1} {2} :::: manifest1 checklist1
B<4> xapply 'indent' *.c
B<4> parallel indent ::: *.c
B<5> find ~ksb/bin -type f ! -perm -111 -print | xapply -f -v 'chmod a+x' -
B<5> find ~ksb/bin -type f ! -perm -111 -print | parallel -v chmod a+x
B<6> find */ -... | fmt 960 1024 | xapply -f -i /dev/tty 'vi' -
B<6> sh <(find */ -... | parallel -s 1024 echo vi)
B<6> find */ -... | parallel -s 1024 -Xuj1 vi
B<7> find ... | xapply -f -5 -i /dev/tty 'vi' - - - - -
B<7> sh <(find ... |parallel -n5 echo vi)
B<7> find ... |parallel -n5 -uj1 vi
B<8> xapply -fn "" /etc/passwd
B<8> parallel -k echo < /etc/passwd
B<9> tr ':' '\012' < /etc/passwd | xapply -7 -nf 'chown %1 %6' - - - - - - -
B<9> tr ':' '\012' < /etc/passwd | parallel -N7 chown {1} {6}
B<10> xapply '[ -d %1/RCS ] || echo %1' */
B<10> parallel '[ -d {}/RCS ] || echo {}' ::: */
B<11> xapply -f '[ -f %1 ] && echo %1' List | ...
B<11> parallel '[ -f {} ] && echo {}' < List | ...
=head2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN paexec AND GNU Parallel
B<paexec> can run jobs in parallel on both the local and remote computers.
B<paexec> requires commands to print a blank line as the last
output. This means you will have to write a wrapper for most programs.
B<paexec> has a job dependency facility so a job can depend on another
job to be executed successfully. Sort of a poor-man's B<make>.
Here are the examples from B<paexec>'s example catalog with the equivalent
using GNU B<parallel>:
=over 1
=item 1_div_X_run:
../../paexec -s -l -c "`pwd`/1_div_X_cmd" -n +1 <<EOF [...]
parallel echo {} '|' `pwd`/1_div_X_cmd <<EOF [...]
=item all_substr_run:
../../paexec -lp -c "`pwd`/all_substr_cmd" -n +3 <<EOF [...]
parallel echo {} '|' `pwd`/all_substr_cmd <<EOF [...]
=item cc_wrapper_run:
../../paexec -c "env CC=gcc CFLAGS=-O2 `pwd`/cc_wrapper_cmd" \
-n 'host1 host2' \
-t '/usr/bin/ssh -x' <<EOF [...]
parallel echo {} '|' "env CC=gcc CFLAGS=-O2 `pwd`/cc_wrapper_cmd" \
-S host1,host2 <<EOF [...]
# This is not exactly the same, but avoids the wrapper
parallel gcc -O2 -c -o {.}.o {} \
-S host1,host2 <<EOF [...]
=item toupper_run:
../../paexec -lp -c "`pwd`/toupper_cmd" -n +10 <<EOF [...]
parallel echo {} '|' ./toupper_cmd <<EOF [...]
# Without the wrapper:
parallel echo {} '| awk {print\ toupper\(\$0\)}' <<EOF [...]
=back
=head2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ClusterSSH AND GNU Parallel
ClusterSSH solves a different problem than GNU B<parallel>.
ClusterSSH opens a terminal window for each computer and using a
master window you can run the same command on all the computers. This
is typically used for administrating several computers that are almost
identical.
GNU B<parallel> runs the same (or different) commands with different
arguments in parallel possibly using remote computers to help
computing. If more than one computer is listed in B<-S> GNU B<parallel> may
only use one of these (e.g. if there are 8 jobs to be run and one
computer has 8 cores).
GNU B<parallel> can be used as a poor-man's version of ClusterSSH:
B<parallel --nonall -S server-a,server-b do_stuff foo bar>
=head1 BUGS
=head2 Quoting of newline
Because of the way newline is quoted this will not work:
echo 1,2,3 | parallel -vkd, "echo 'a{}b'"
However, these will all work:
echo 1,2,3 | parallel -vkd, echo a{}b
echo 1,2,3 | parallel -vkd, "echo 'a'{}'b'"
echo 1,2,3 | parallel -vkd, "echo 'a'"{}"'b'"
=head2 Speed
=head3 Startup
GNU B<parallel> is slow at starting up - around 250 ms. Half of the
startup time is spent finding the maximal length of a command
line. Setting B<-s> will remove this part of the startup time.
=head3 Job startup
Starting a job on the local machine takes around 3 ms. This can be a
big overhead if the job takes very few ms to run. Often you can group
small jobs together using B<-X> which will make the overhead less
significant.
Using B<--ungroup> the 3 ms can be lowered to around 2 ms.
=head3 SSH
When using multiple computers GNU B<parallel> opens B<ssh> connections
to them to figure out how many connections can be used reliably
simultaneously (Namely SSHD's MaxStartup). This test is done for each
host in serial, so if your B<--sshloginfile> contains many hosts it may
be slow.
If your jobs are short you may see that there are fewer jobs running
on the remove systems than expected. This is due to time spent logging
in and out. B<-M> may help here.
=head3 Disk access
A single disk can normally read data faster if it reads one file at a
time instead of reading a lot of files in parallel, as this will avoid
disk seeks. However, newer disk systems with multiple drives can read
faster if reading from multiple files in parallel.
If the jobs are of the form read-all-compute-all-write-all, so
everything is read before anything is written, it may be faster to
force only one disk access at the time:
sem --id diskio cat file | compute | sem --id diskio cat > file
If the jobs are of the form read-compute-write, so writing starts
before all reading is done, it may be faster to force only one reader
and writer at the time:
sem --id read cat file | compute | sem --id write cat > file
If the jobs are of the form read-compute-read-compute, it may be
faster to run more jobs in parallel than the system has CPUs, as some
of the jobs will be stuck waiting for disk access.
=head2 --nice limits command length
The current implementation of B<--nice> is too pessimistic in the max
allowed command length. It only uses a little more than half of what
it could. This affects B<-X> and B<-m>. If this becomes a real problem for
you file a bug-report.
=head2 Aliases and functions do not work
If you get:
B<Can't exec "I<command>": No such file or directory>
or:
B<open3: exec of by I<command> failed>
it may be because I<command> is not known, but it could also be
because I<command> is an alias or a function. If it is a function you
need to B<export -f> the function first. An alias will, however, not
work (see why http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=484296), so
change your alias to a script.
=head1 REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to <bug-parallel@gnu.org> or
https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?func=additem&group=parallel
Your bug report should always include:
=over 2
=item *
The output of B<parallel --version>. If you are not running the latest
released version you should specify why you believe the problem is not
fixed in that version.
=item *
A complete example that others can run that shows the problem. A
combination of B<seq>, B<cat>, B<echo>, and B<sleep> can reproduce
most errors. If your example requires large files, see if you can make
them by something like B<seq 1000000> > B<file>.
=item *
The output of your example. If your problem is not easily reproduced
by others, the output might help them figure out the problem.
=back
If you suspect the error is dependent on your distribution, please see
if you can reproduce the error on one of these VirtualBox images:
http://sourceforge.net/projects/virtualboximage/files/
Specifying the name of your distribution is not enough as you may have
installed software that is not in the VirtualBox images.
If you cannot reproduce the error on any of the VirtualBox images
above, you should assume the debugging will be done through you. That
will put more burden on you and it is extra important you give any
information that help.
=head1 AUTHOR
When using GNU B<parallel> for a publication please cite:
O. Tange (2011): GNU Parallel - The Command-Line Power Tool, ;login:
The USENIX Magazine, February 2011:42-47.
Copyright (C) 2007-10-18 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk
Copyright (C) 2008,2009,2010 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk
Copyright (C) 2010,2011,2012 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk and Free
Software Foundation, Inc.
Parts of the manual concerning B<xargs> compatibility is inspired by
the manual of B<xargs> from GNU findutils 4.4.2.
=head1 LICENSE
Copyright (C) 2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
at your option any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
=head2 Documentation license I
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this documentation
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the file fdl.txt.
=head2 Documentation license II
You are free:
=over 9
=item B<to Share>
to copy, distribute and transmit the work
=item B<to Remix>
to adapt the work
=back
Under the following conditions:
=over 9
=item B<Attribution>
You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or
licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or
your use of the work).
=item B<Share Alike>
If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute
the resulting work only under the same, similar or a compatible
license.
=back
With the understanding that:
=over 9
=item B<Waiver>
Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from
the copyright holder.
=item B<Public Domain>
Where the work or any of its elements is in the public domain under
applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
=item B<Other Rights>
In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license:
=over 2
=item *
Your fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable
copyright exceptions and limitations;
=item *
The author's moral rights;
=item *
Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in
how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights.
=back
=back
=over 9
=item B<Notice>
For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the
license terms of this work.
=back
A copy of the full license is included in the file as cc-by-sa.txt.
=head1 DEPENDENCIES
GNU B<parallel> uses Perl, and the Perl modules Getopt::Long,
IPC::Open3, Symbol, IO::File, POSIX, and File::Temp. For remote usage
it also uses rsync with ssh.
=head1 SEE ALSO
B<ssh>(1), B<rsync>(1), B<find>(1), B<xargs>(1), B<dirname>,
B<make>(1), B<pexec>(1), B<ppss>(1), B<xjobs>(1), B<prll>(1),
B<dxargs>(1), B<mdm>(1),
=cut
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